THE EFFECTS OF PATTERNS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CORRUPTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Objective: Identifying the relationship between administrative corruption and development in the Arab world and Iraq. Theoretical framework: The study contributed to defining the relationship of corruption to development in the Arab world. As for the second axis, it talks about the impact of administrative corruption and its patterns on development efforts in Iraq. As for the third axis, it will be about the reasons for the failure or faltering of the development model in Iraq. Method: We shed light on the concept of corruption, its manifestations, its causes, effects and impactful repercussions, then we look at Iraq's experience in administrative corruption, trying to shed light on the characteristics and dimensions of this experience and the negative effects resulting from it, then we come to develop the most prominent solutions and objective treatments to reduce the impact of this phenomenon on human societies. Results and conclusion: Administrative and financial corruption is an old phenomenon that has afflicted the administrative apparatus in Iraq since the establishment of the Iraqi government in the twenties of the last century. Weak political will to combat corruption, as members of Parliament are prevented from disclosing their income and sources.


INTRODUCTION
The risks and effects of administrative corruption on developing societies, including Iraq, are well known.Wherever corruption occurs, destruction and destruction occur; it is similar to terrorism and similar to occupation, both of which destroy human beings before their institutions.In a more accurate sense, the demolition of man is a demolition of society and, thus, a general paralysis of the joints of life.All even developed countries have suffered and continue to suffer from administrative corruption, and those countries have recovered from it.Some of the experiences are unique and pioneering.In combination with its institutions, all the countries that suffer from this disease have escalated this phenomenon for many reasons.Countries with administrative corruption are shown difficulty in achieving development and its objectives; it is not easy but can be overcome if there is a serious pause and a sincere intention to achieve success.The world and Arab societies, in particular, have shown that administrative corruption is a scourge in its different forms and patterns that prevents confident steps toward development.As a major impediment to attempts at progress, development, and investment, it has become the focus of international organizations' attention.Accordingly, international formations discuss and hold meetings and conferences to reach agreements, instructions, and plans to reduce this phenomenon.Because of its negative impact on all economic, social, and political aspects, the study's problem is reflected in several important questions.
1-What is the reason for the failure the development in Arab countries?2-Is good governance key to combating administrative corruption and achieving development and its objectives?3-The reasons why Iraq's development efforts have stalled or failed?4-Has administrative corruption and its pattern affected Iraq's development efforts?

Second: The Importance of the Study
Administrative corruption is one of the greatest concerns when discussing any development process.Administrative corruption has a significant and visible negative impact in all the joints of life and various fields.Therefore, combating it is a necessity for any country to build properly.Many Arab peoples, including Iraq, have suffered the scourge of this pandemic.Hence, it is important to study this phenomenon and come up with conclusions and recommendations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1-Identifying the relationship between administrative corruption and development in the Arab world and Iraq.2-Identify the most significant obstacles to Iraq's development.3-The most important factors that have led to the failure or failure of development models in various countries, including Iraq.

First Axis: The Relationship between administrative corruption and Development in the Arab World
Most studies focused on attempts to reach out to the main specific causes of development failures in many societies seeking to achieve so many opinions, concepts, and theories.Some attribute the reason to economic backwardness, and some link development failure to geographical location or ethnic roots; others went on to consider the cultural structure responsible for creating a promising generation and a successful and easy development.Others have argued that customs, traditions and values have a prominent role in the success or impairment of development.It must be pointed out that all that has been put forward by scientists and researchers is reasonable and reasonable.Most of these causes are due to rights of occupation and European and American colonialism as the basis for underdevelopment and the deterioration of individual underdevelopment in health services, education and transport.... etc. ( Al-Taher,2006).
Many Arabs' experiences of development were destined to fail or stumble.The reason is that Arab countries often share many qualities beyond one language participation is similar in social and cultural traditions.It has followed a similar model of development, which is dominated by the public sector and turns governments into providers of first and last resort.In the West, this development model is a flawed one, for many reasons, including the unjust distribution of resources and diversity of sources and revenue depending on (Oil revenues, international aid and subsidies, and remittances); this model, in the view of the developed West, has created a state-led model of development with many contradictions and question marks.Arab countries were able to develop their development model and make it seek or rely on the diversity of the economy and income resources, thereby improving the standard of living, reducing poverty, protecting vulnerable groups, and improving per capita income (UNDP,2016).
All today agree that administrative corruption is the greatest impediment to development.This global problem affects most civilized and developing countries, but unevenly, some have overcome this obstacle while others are striving.The greatest damage to development is caused by the administrative corruption of the political class, which is difficult to put the finger on.It harms the country's overall economy by wasting and squandering public wealth in favor of promoting personal and partisan benefits.What most countries in the Arab world suffer from is the lack of transparency in transactions.What hurts is the existence of laws that limit corruption, but there is no application on the ground, so you find that whoever is corrupt is a predominance of top state enforcers who have political connections that make it safe from legal prosecutions.The construction and development process thus hampers this category by impeding the implementation and application of laws that are in society's interest and contrary to its personal or party interest (Suhair,2006).
The patterns of corruption that impede development in our Arab countries are another's international dominance of Arab economies, companies, and trade in a more accurate sense.(Subordinate), Arab countries have indeed gained independence, but the West's intellectual, commercial, and military dominance prevails with regret in most countries; it impedes what is contrary to their interests.(the interests of their companies and their colonial and expansionist objectives) and allow the passage of laws and plans that are not inconsistent with their plans; many of the deals that Arab countries have tried to conclude with sovereign investment companies would serve those countries' development and economic interests, but there are hidden wishes that impede the completion of such deals as they are inconsistent with dominant countries and the presence of those who reinforce their dominance.By extension, this is a pattern of administrative corruption (Sofiane,2022).
The patterns of corruption that impede development in our Arab countries are another's international dominance of Arab economies, companies, and trade in a more accurate sense.(Subordinate), It is true that Arab countries have gained independence, but the West's intellectual, commercial, and military dominance prevails with regret in most countries; it impedes what is contrary to their interests.(the interests of their companies and their colonial and expansionist objectives) and allow the passage of laws and plans that are not inconsistent with their plans; many of the deals that Arab countries have tried to conclude with sovereign investment companies would serve those countries' development and economic interests, but there are hidden wishes that impede the completion of such deals as they are inconsistent with dominant countries and the presence of those who reinforce their dominance.This is what we call by extension, a pattern of administrative corruption (Ibrahim,2022).
Back in the late 1970s, which unleashed dictatorial authoritarian Arab governments and turned into inherited republics of course of the West to ensure their influence in those States, The Arab countries led to a series of desperate policies that have caused their people nothing but misery and ruin.And I moved away from who is a thinker and a scientist and allied with a tiny class of brokers and businessmen and a few thinkers from their temptations of money and life; the collapse of the middle classes is accompanied by an almost total absence of popular role (Khaled,2018).
Those regimes were characterized by dictatorship, human rights violations, repression, displacement, fighting thinkers and patriots, spreading terror among people, and the establishment of a police state, as has happened in some Arab countries, including Iraq.They are combating the establishment of any civil society organizations or any political activity, harnessing the resources of the State and its institutions for their personal and partisan purposes, looting public money and encouraging the phenomenon of corruption and corruption, and Stirring up sectarian, ethnic, regional and sectarian nudges and creating hotbeds of extremism that Arab societies are paying for so far.The disadvantaged planning and failure of Arab countries, including Iraq, are not the result of the moment.It is the result of years of loss and wrong policies (Dawood,2012).
Most and all scholars agree that the gap between the ruler and the ruler in most Arab systems is the most important resource of administrative corruption and its sources, which is the reason for development.Administrative corruption is the manipulation of laws and legislation or the permission to manipulate laws and legislation by the governing authorities (UNDP,2008).
The former Secretary-General of the United Nations has confirmed that administrative corruption does not necessarily bribe, embezzle, or other known patterns, but that there are actions that establish such patterns as (Dictatorship and manipulation of laws) It establishes administrative corruption, and violation of human rights, distortion of markets and poor quality of life.It is one of the causes of the cultivation of hatred, violence, and crime in societies.It, therefore, undermines good governance, which is one of the fundamental pillars of states seeking to develop their societies (Dawood,2016).
Corruption is an obstacle to building a democratic system, and the fundamentals of a democratic system are transparency and accountability.Many scientists and researchers find that the existence of a democratic system in any country indicates that there is a fight against administrative corruption and that there is development.The lack of transparency and accountability is the beginning of the demolition of society and the beginning of the end of any development efforts.The absence of transparency and accountability establishes manipulation and fraud of the law and, therefore relentless procedures.In a 2011 World Bank report on international development, administrative corruption has other uncommon risks: its penetration into society and its practices give rise to security chaos, internal wars, and sub-identities.The widening gaps between the ruler and the ruler are clear in the suffering of most Arab countries that brought them to revolutions of the Arab Spring (Selçuk Akçay,2006).One of the most important causes of corruption and the emergence of its pattern and impediment to development is the neglect of man.We are concerned in the search for patterns of corruption.We leave the causes that have led to the deviation of human behaviors and its deterioration.We often seek to tackle the branch, forget, forget or neglect the treatment of the origin; the origin is "Human development" If we properly prepare the human person then we wait for good results and hope for good development and the opposite becomes very difficult to achieve (Mozaffar,2001).The impact of corruption is complex and thorny, permeating most sectors, so its effect is first on human beings and then paralyses the joints of life and makes development efforts extremely difficult, as outlined in the chart below (UNDP,2004).The concept of development, for all its details and types, is usually associated with economic development.Economic development means industrialization, urbanization, population mobility, population changes, relationships, changing places, social roles, and cultural patterns... Etc., and not much attention is paid to the fact that these changes would be the reason for creating cases of deviation within societies for a number of reasons.Among them is the new environment to which he has moved and freed him from values and customs that may have been restricted.Or the different concepts he has or the love of money and the endeavor not to lose that environment that he finds acquired for him, so it cannot be said that economic development reduces behavioral deviations.It is true that perhaps societal sophistication and the State of prosperity to which it is transmitted may reduce those deviations.However, the specialists will describe more serious deviations and patterns."Deviations associated with economic growth," most notably fraud, fraud, burglary, price manipulation, monopoly, forgery, damaged goods, Illegitimate profits, and money laundering, thus waste and public wealth on account of private wealth formation; this is evident in some countries that are trying to grow economically, where the rates of delinquent behavior and crimes are declining, and there is an escalation of deviations and other crimes such as smuggling, drugs, road accidents, rape, and arson.... etc (Salahuddin,1993).
The quantitative expansion of staff numbers and the expansion of services and institutions is not the same as the volume of services provided and therefore reflects negatively on the parties.The first is the reduced productivity of the employee due to negligence and accumulation of numbers; the second party is a citizen who will lose services and become reviled.With widespread manifestations of administrative corruption, problems of health, education, housing, and public services are widening, and societal structures are further affected.Recent studies have shown that the widespread scope and patterns of administrative corruption and abuse of state funds accompany all modernization and economic development.Hence, it is clear that administrative corruption is an impediment to development and has a negative and significant impact in scuttling any development efforts.Economic development is futile if it is not parallel to human development; because of unprecedented openness and widespread manifestations of corruption as trade and economic movement widen, It has wreaked havoc with the presence of fertile ground in many countries, regrettably the weakness or lack of human development and the relaxation of measures and sanctions.That is the subject of drug proliferation, its catastrophic impact on the head of human money, and the State's very significant material and human losses.These Western campaigns aim to weaken developing economies and work towards their continued dependence on the foreign market.They are a modern pattern of targeting societies and spreading administrative corruption and behavioral deviations in societies by targeting young people's minds.It is clear to us that the damage of administrative corruption is not only material but moral and spiritual so human development and the focus on moral values must be facilities or precede any development process that is intended to succeed (United.1997).
There is an inverse correlation between the degree of performance and administrative corruption, meaning the lower the performance and the lower the productive capacities, which is an indicator of the high level of administrative corruption and that there is a hindrance to development in society (The World Bank.2000).
The damage caused by impeding development efforts under any pattern of administrative corruption such as tax evasion, embezzlement, or encroachment on State funds...In fact, it affects vulnerable and vulnerable groups first, especially low-income groups, which are reflected in the rights of the disabled and those with health care and disabilities, and then the unemployed are extended to public services and the health, education, housing, and communications sectors (Dieter,1998).
Dater Frisch considers that underdevelopment and poverty are due to and as a result of administrative corruption, and there is a mutual and interrelated relationship between it and development in the sense that a high level of development indicates low indicators of administrative corruption and vice versa, while corruption is a real impediment to development efforts.(poverty, lack of rights, lack of freedom, democracy, and law) are all strong reasons for the growth of the phenomenon; one of the worst images of corruption that harms development is the choice of spoilers for projects according to their interests and not according to people's needs.Perhaps countries with oil revenues resist for a while, but in countries whose projects are with external borrowing and aid to carry out their development projects, Such situations may lead society to misconduct under the strain of conditions and difficulties of living and thus loss of funds and ethics of the profession and delay progress to laudable money (Dieter Frisch,1996).
It has become clear that administrative corruption is responsible for the dispossession of wealth and the asset of human and material money, waste of time, waste of efforts, weakening of the law, deprivation of freedoms, poverty, destitution and all outrageous acts that are a stumbling block to any development effort.Perhaps there are the following signs: (Low output, high cost of performing public service, and the emergence of class in one community."That is, there are luxurious totals and deep totals that suffer from poverty, hunger, and destitution."It is the most fragile and easy-to-crumble economy at the lowest economic bug, A breakdown in social values, or the emergence of negative alien ideas; conglomerates are fighting and distorting the image of those who still retain ethical and professional values.Brain drain, dropout, job slagging, leaving education, The appearance of perverse behavioral behaviors with complacency in their deterrence, loss of trust by many in some state institutions, and wasted public money in unclear plans (Abdullah et al.,2011).
It is clear proof that this society has been violated by the phenomenon of administrative corruption and its development efforts have failed.All these indicators have led to the reluctance of many donor countries to provide material assistance for development or humanitarian because of the arrival of some corrupt people to implement these funds or development projects (Abdullah et al.,2011).

The Impact Of Administrative Corruption And Its Patterns On Development Efforts In Iraq
The development model Iraq is pursuing after 2003 is ambitious.Supports diversity in the economy and non-oil production and seeks local decentralization elected from the public according to the Iraqi Constitution.Seeks to preserve the environment, prevent the risks of desertification and water shortage, seek to reduce emissions affecting the ozone layer, promote green spaces, biodiversity and protect marshes, Empowerment, equal opportunities, capacitybuilding and human development, provide protection, decent work, improve the standard of living and achieving well-being, But this in fact faces very significant challenges that have made the achievement of those goals and aspirations lax.One of the most prominent of these challenges is the continuity of Iraq's rent economy, which constitutes the oil's first and largest Source of revenue from its federal budget.The security situation, the aging of the banking system and its inability to limit money laundering operations, widespread administrative corruption despite relentless attempts to develop the functional and institutional system, and High unemployment is offset by a deficit in the labor market; all these and many other reasons made the development process falter (Iraqi Ministry,2013).
On 24-9-2021, authorization attributed to the spokesperson of the Ministry of Planning "Abdul Zahra Al-Hindi" posted on Al-Tahir website saying that the unemployment rate in Iraq is high and is consistent with the statistics of the World Bank report indicating that the unemployment rate in Iraq has reached 13.7%.The coronavirus pandemic has played the biggest role in aggravating the economic crisis and raising the country's poverty level."31.7% in 2020" to decline and become "30% in 2021," the World Bank confirms that the most affected group is young people (Free Iraq,2013).
Al-Hindawi says in a statement published on Al-Jazeera Net on 17-10-2022 that the latest statistics of the Ministry of Planning indicate that the poverty rate is 22-25%.Muthanna governorate tops the list of Iraq's poorest governorates with 52%, followed by Diwaniyah governorate by 49%."Nineveh has a poverty rate of 41%.In Baghdad, 12%.Majid Abu Klil "Director of the Dhar Center for Development that the country's high poverty rate is caused by (Poor economic planning -administrative and financial corruption without real efforts to eliminate it) (Adil Luxury,2022).
The goal of development and its success is the man.The Chinese proverb says, "If you want to plant a year, plant a wheat; if you want to plant for ten years, plant a tree; if you want to plant for 100 years, plant a human being."(Fadil Al-Ansari,1970).
When visiting the website of the Federal Integrity Commission website, there are many news addresses showing the magnitude of the risk to the country and its development efforts due to the scourge of administrative corruption (National,2021).In the Lowy Institute calendar to measure countries' average performance over time in managing the coronavirus pandemic, Iraq's rating was 83 out of 98 countries where Iraq's performance was low.New Zealand ranked first at 94.4%, while Iraq at 25.2%.Iraq's gains in its 2018 war against poverty were short-lived due to successive crises, increased numbers markedly, and increased with the rise in difficult living conditions (National,2021).The development process in Iraq has faced many difficulties in all its forms; Iraq passed an investment law in 2004 by number (39) In the time of the Civil Governor of Iraq, Paul Bremer, followed by Law "13 of 2006", which abolished the previous law.The law is part of Iraq's endeavor to meet international calls and directions to open up the global market, provide jobs, combat poverty, and diversify non-oil sources of income and thus support Economic and social development and bringing capital and expertise, but on the ground, there was a slowdown and obstacles, most notably (Kamel,2013):

The Most Important Factor In The Failure Or Delay In Development In Iraq
The insider of Iraq's history knows that he has been subjected to bitter experiences and grinding wars that have greatly affected the majority of society.Transformation of ownership of the Republic, coups d 'état of the 1960s and 1970s, His participation in foreign wars and proxy wars, the eight-year war with the Islamic Republic of Iran and then the 1991 war, devastating economic blockade, then occupation in 2003, then sectarianism and the ISIS terrorist war, They all mislead the value system and the process of restoring it is more difficult than the reconstruction of the country.Perhaps one of the most prominent reasons for helping to fail or slow down Iraq's model is: First: 50% or more of the members of society were born in war and raised in battle, and their sons witnessed wars, poverty, hunger, and intimidation.The younger generation, 35 years of age and below, has a different value system than the older generation, which is the growing power.The older generation is starting to eat and recede as time progresses (Kassim,2008).
Second: People have more value systems in which discrepancies and rivalries are more than symmetry and harmony factors.This has serious negative effects: (a.Dismantling society in polarizations of intransigent values, b.Having to present oneself as a commodity in a policy market forces it to abandon humanity's value and act as its political source commands, c.The general situation has become repellent to those who possess a healthy value system, especially scholars, intellectuals, enlightened religions, intellectuals, and artists.... etc.) (Ali,2009).
Social inhumanity is a social phenomenon that emerges in every society in a phase of change and harmony, a term quoted by Dr. Ali Wardi of the social world Ogburn, and Iraqi society has gone through many stages of change.If change is rapid, it is the cause of problems in society (Free Iraq,2013).Each society has its own privacy, from which it is based on its experience of renaissance or development, and in Iraq's experience, there are areas of ruin in the structure of society and the State.(conceptual ruin, civil ruin, political ruin, educational ruin, economic ruin (hesitation between a free economy and state-ruled economy), social ruin (State society and pre-state society), that is, there is a distortion of the cognitive system that causes an impediment to any process of development or renaissance, and a clear deficit in the process of extending the population (32).Multiple parties between liberals take sectarian, racist, and secular paths that depend on religious references.Other religious decisions make a lot of secular decisions that make it blurry to understand the party structure.At the educational level, it suffers a lot from traditional curricula, obsolescence, and lack of access to infrastructure and cadres (World,2008).
The former regime has severely disrupted the composition of Iraqi society, redistributing wealth and creating a sharp disparity between two layers (a rich, modern minority and a poor, large minority).The middle class was swallowed up with all its intellectuals and employees.The occupation of 2003 increased insult to injury (Iraqi Ministry,2013).

RESULTS
1-Administrative corruption is the greatest obstacle to development and its objectives in the Arab world as a whole, including Iraq.2-The political and security situation and struggle for power are the most important causes of the prevalence of administrative corruption in the Arab world and the dysfunction of development.
3-Many funds were wasted under the pretext of achieving development and its objectives because of the prevalence and pattern of administrative corruption.4-Good governance is the basis for development's achievement and objectives.5-Development is the goal of all nations and the way to achieve development.Its objectives are to combat administrative corruption and not tolerate or complement this war to achieve those goals.6-Right social construction is one of the fundamentals of combating administrative corruption and proper socialization, which is the purpose and means of achieving development and its objectives.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1-To work hard through a set of strict procedures and laws to eliminate administrative corruption.
2-Remove the oversight role from conflicts and party and political consensus.
3-Adhere to United Nations decisions and recommendations on plans and steps to combat administrative corruption and achieve development.4-The optimal exploitation of human and material wealth and the pursuit of equal opportunities for all are the basis of the right to development.Therefore, the multiplicity and diversification of sources of income must be pursued and the economy must be removed from the economy's righteousness.5-Attention to family and social upbringing started from kindergartens in order to establish courses and workshops for public and private sector employees alike in respect of professional ethics and attention to good values and customs.

Figure ( 2 )
Figure (2): illustrates the impact of administrative corruption on development planned by the researcher Source:-Undp, Arab Human Development Report 2016 Youth and Human Development Prospects in a Changing Reality, USA, 2016, pp.23-24

Figure ( 3 )
Figure (3): represents the most prominent development hindrance "planned by the researcher Source:National Commission on Sustainable Development: Second National Voluntary Report "Iraq and Return to Development 2021", Ministry of Planning of Iraq, 2021, Baghdad.P30,38

Table ( 1
): represents a random collection of hundreds of addresses posted on the official website of the Iraqi