MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE QUALITY OF SEEDLINGS OF ANADENANTHERA PEREGRINA (L.) SPEG. ON DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES

Objective: This research aimed to produce and evaluate the morphological characteristics of seedlings of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. under different types of substrates in order to indicate the ideal for your initial development in vegetation house. Method : The experiment was conducted in entirely casualized design, with 18 treatments and 11 repetitions. To compose the substrates were used: Subsoil Land (TS), Carbonized Rice Husk (CAC), Natural Rice Husk (CAIN), Sawdust (S), Bovine Manure (EB), Coconut Powder (PC) and Commercial Substrate BIOFLORA® (SC). The morphological parameters observed were: height of the plant, diameter of the beetle, weight of the total dry mass, dry mass of the air part, dry mass of the root and Dickson's quality index. Result and conclusion: By means of the morphological parameters studied, it is noted that with the increase of the proportion of bovine manure higher were the averages for all parameters evaluated, but the treatment that presented higher IQD (0.1053) was


INTRODUCTION
Knowledge about the development of flora favors direct and indirect benefits, given the importance of its dissemination in a sustainable way (Naparin & Helmi, 2023).According to Vienna et al. (2021), the sustainable implementation and use of natural resources reflects economic and environmental aspects.Thus, it contributes to the implementation of forest species outside their natural environment, leading to sustainable and economic development.
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg., popularly known as angico-red is a forest species that is widely dispersed throughout Brazilian territory, occurring from the state of Tocantins, Maranhão to the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul (LORENZI, 2002).
The species belongs to the Fabaceae family, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and is recommended for the recovery of degraded areas (ARAÚJO, 2006).There has been a growing search for the production of native seedlings due to environmental impacts, thus requiring immediate preservation of remaining plants.ORTOLANI, 2007.The seedling production stage is the fundamental stage for obtaining high quality plants (SILVA et al., 2023).The good result of planting is not only related to the chosen species, it is also related to the substrate used, the type of container, the quality of the seed and seedlings.The market offers a large number of substrates, however, the search for substrates that provide the good quality of seedlings and that are economically viable, has been increasingly sought (CALDEIRA et al., 2014).
Thus, the composition of the substrate is considered a factor influencing the quality of the seedlings that will be available to the market, in order to ensure the formation of seedlings with good quality, the good development of the plant, considering the availability, physicochemical characteristics, so as to facilitate the planting operations and obtain a post planting of good performance (FONSECA et al., 2017).These may be inorganic materials (rocks, sand among others) and organic materials (Pinus bark, coal mill, cane bagasse among others) (FONSECA et al., 2017).
It becomes interesting to improve techniques that optimize this practice at low cost and with morphological qualities, making it possible to meet the objetives of the plantations.The growing awareness of man about the importance of natural resources has led to a search for alternative substrates that are affordable and have a low environmental impact for the production of seedlings (MEURER et al., 2008;MASSAD et al., 2016).
In this way, various materials can be used as substrates and has the purpose of lowering costs in the production of seedlings, with partial replacement of the commercial substrate and reduction with chemical fertilization (SIMÕES et al., 2012).According to Vienna et al. ( 2021), the sustainable implementation and use of natural resources reflects economic and environmental aspects.
In order to choose it, one must observe the chemical and physical characteristics that promote, respectively, the retention of moisture and the availability of nutrients, besides the economic aspects, such as low cost and availability in the region, which is why industrial waste is generally used, such as sugarcane bagasse, carbonized rice husk and in natura, bovine manure among others (DUTRA et al., 2012).
The objective was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of seedlings of A. peregrina (L.) Speg.under different types of substrates in order to indicate the ideal substrate for your initial development in vegetation house.
Given the above and the economic and ecological importance of this species, the objective of this study was to produce and evaluate the morphological characteristics of seedlings of A. peregrina (L.) Speg.under different types of substrates in order to indicate the ideal for your initial development in vegetation house.

Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Angico-red)
The Fabaceae family is cosmopolitan in distribution, and has about 650 genera and 19,000 species, being one of the largest families of Angiosperms.It is a source of food, ornamental, lumber and medicinal products.The family is divided into three subfamilies Faboideae, Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae (MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2009;LORENZI, 2012;LIMA et al., 2015) The species Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.popularly known as angico beans, angico red, belongs to the Fabaceae family and subfamily Mimosoideae.The species has a flattened and dehiscent follicle-like fruit (pod with a single longitudinal slit), containing circular, flattened, wingless, bright, dark-colored seeds.(OAK, 2003).4 Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg is a deciduous plant, heliophyte to cyophyte, selective xerophyte, pioneer, unique characteristic of semi deciduous forests.It has a high frequency, with a discontinuous and irregular dispersion pattern.It occurs in primary and secondary formations.LORENZI, 2002 The species has a wide occurrence, being present in the states of Tocantins, Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul.LORENZI, 2002.Its wood is widely used in construction, furniture manufacture, tannin extraction and coal production (MORI et al., 2003).Besides being recommended for the recovery of degraded areas (ARAÚJO et al., 2006).

Alternative Substrates
Substrate for plants is all porous material, used pure or in mixture, which, placed in a container, provides anchoring and sufficient levels of water and oxygen for optimal plant development (VENCE, 2008).The main function of the substrate is to sustain the seedling and provide suitable conditions for the development and functioning of the root system, as well as the nutrients necessary for the development of the plant.This substrate should be free of seeds of invasive plants, pests and pathogenic fungi, thus avoiding the need for their disinfestation (GONÇALVES et al., 2000;HARTMANN et al., 2011).
Substrates for the production of seedlings can be defined as being the appropriate means for their support and retention of sufficient and necessary quantities of water, oxygen and nutrients, besides offering compatible pH, absence of chemical elements at toxic levels and adequate electrical conductivity (GONÇALVES et al., 2000).The solid phase of the substrate should be made up of a mixture of mineral and organic particles in order to provide ideal conditions for the production of quality seedlings.
The study of the percentage arrangement of these components is important, since they may be a source of nutrients and will act directly on plant growth and development (ROSA et al., 1998;DUTRA et al., 2012).Therefore, as a result of the quantitative and qualitative arrangement of the mineral and organic materials employed, seedlings will be influenced by the supply of nutrients, available water and oxygen (ROSA et al., 1998).
In this way, in search of alternatives to obtain substrates that provide quality seedlings, as well as the use of residues for sustainable use, this research is of paramount importance for the forestry sector.

Field of Study
The experiment was conducted at the Vegetation House of the Federal University of Tocantins, University Campus of Gurupi-TO, at an altitude of 280 m, under the coordinates 11°43'45"S and 49°04'07"O.The predominant climate of the region, according to Köppen, is of type AW, defined as a humid tropical with a rainy season in the summer and a dry one in the winter.The average annual rainfall ranges from 1,500 mm to 1,600 mm and average temperature over the year from 22°c to 28°c (KLINK & MACHADO, 2005;FONSECA et al., 2017).

Seed production
The seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg.were acquired from a lot stored for a period of 6 months at the Forest Seed Laboratory of the Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi Campus, where they were collected from 10 matrices on the university's experimental farm.
The processing was carried out with the opening of the fruit for obtaining the seeds, selecting the best quality ones, and afterwards they were stored until the mounting of the experiment.The seeds were submitted to the treatment of asepsis, in which disinfection was done in a solution of 1% sodium hypochlorite, where the seeds were dipped.After this process they were washed in distilled water.
Thus, the substrates were formulated with different concentrations comprising 18 treatments (Table 1):

Obtaining morphological parameters
The seeds were sown in 280 mL cylindrical tubes in which they were packed in polypropylene trays, and three seeds were sown per vessel.Next, the trays were arranged in benches suspended 1 m from the ground, in a house of vegetation covered with sombrite, allowing the passage of 50% of the luminosity, after sowing two daily irrigations were carried out.
The evaluation of the emergence of the seedlings was carried out ten days after the sowing, counting the number of seedlings that emerged in each tub.In this same period, a thinning was carried out, leaving a seedling per tubete, giving preference to the one that presented the best visual physiological conditions and that were in the central position of the tubete (LISBOA, 2016).
Measurements of plant height and cluster diameter occurred at 90 days after sowing, the height being measured from the level of the substrate to the apical meristem with the aid of a ruler graduated in millimeters and the diameter of the cluster at the level of the substrate with the help of a digital caliper.
For the quantification of dry mass the aerial part and the root were separated and dried in an air circulation oven at 70°C for approximately 72 hours.The material was subsequently weighed in an analytical balance (precision 0.001g).The total dry mass (MST) was obtained by summing the dry mass of the upper part + dry mass of the root, respectively.
The Dickson quality index (DQI) was defined as a function of the height of the air part (H), the diameter of the collector (DC), the weight of the dry mass of the air part (PMSPA) and the weight of the dry mass of the root (PMSR), as per (DICKSON et al., 1960).

Statistical Analyzes of Data
The experiment was performed in entirely casualized design (DIC) with eleven repetitions, eighteen treatments and one hundred and ninety-eight seedlings in total.The results were submitted to the normality test, which after being verified proceeded to the analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey's test at 5% significance in the Sisvar 5.6 program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 3 shows the mean values of collector diameter (DC), height (H), total dry mass weight (PMST), dry root mass weight (PMSR), dry air mass weight (PMSA) and Dickson quality index (IQD) for Anadenanthera peregrina seedlings on different substrates.
It is noted that the T12-treatment of subsoil + bovine manure (25:75) and the T11treatment of subsoil + bovine manure (50:50), presented the highest averages, for all morphological parameters evaluated (Table 3).Analyzing the results of Tukey's test, it was 7 possible to observe that the treatments differ among themselves, for all parameters analyzed (Table 3).Analyzing each of the alternative substrates evaluated and their respective proportions, it can be observed that the ones that present it in its composition of rice husk in natura being the treatments T4-underground soil + rice husk in natura (75:25), T5-subsoil land + rice husk in natura (50:50), T6-subsoil land + rice husk in natura (25:75), it is noted that the average values for all morphological parameters studied did not present significant differences, however, the greater it was the proportion of rice husks in natura, larger were the mean of the parameters evaluated, consequently greater the development of the seedlings of The treatments that contained in their composition carbonized rice husks being the treatments T3-Bioflora® commercial substrate + carbonized rice husk (50:50), T7underground soil + carbonized rice husk (75:25), T8-subsoil soil + carbonized rice husk (50:50) and T9-subsoil + carbonized rice husk (25:75), showed decreasing average values as the proportion of carbonized rice husk increased (Table 3).In relation to Dickson's Quality Index (DQI), it was possible to observe that in the treatments with low proportion of the carbonized rice husk they were where they presented the highest averages for this parameter respectively (Table 3).Klein et al. (2002) and Melo et al. (2014) observed that mixing the substrate in different proportions with carbonized rice husks presented better porosity.This fact was observed in the present study in which the treatment with the 75:25 ratio of subsoil soil soil + carbonized rice husk presented the best IQD (0.0666) among all rice husk proportions (Table 3).Fonseca et al. (2017) used carbonized rice husks (CAC) mixed with commercial substrate for Anadenanthera peregrina and observed that the higher the proportion of carbonized rice husks the better the development of seedlings.
It was observed that by increasing the proportion of higher bovine manure are the averages of the morphological parameters.8 Treatment 11-underground soil + bovine dung with a ratio of 50:50 was the treatment that presented higher IQD (0.1053), conferring better qualities the seedlings.According to Sampaio et al. (2007) bovine manure can cause immobilization of nutrients from the soil in the first month after its incorporation, but after this period, a progressive release occurs, reaching the highest quantities between three and six months after incorporation.
Oliveira et al. ( 2014) observed that when mixing bovine manure in the proportions of 20, 40 and 60% the coconut fiber mixture provides higher survival percentage of Dipteryx alata Vog.higher quality seedlings.Bovine manure stands out as one of several most used organic sources, for providing improvement in the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil (MESQUITA et al., 2012).
Matias et al. ( 2019) when testing substrate without bovine manure and with bovine manure concluded that the substrate latosol + bovine manure in proportion (2:1) presented higher average values for the production of seedlings of Myracrodruon urundeuva German.

CONCLUSION
In the light of the above, it can be seen that: It is recommended to treat T11 (underground soil + bovine dung (50:50)) for the production of Anadenanthera quality seedlings, as it was the one that showed Dickson's highest quality index.
The use of industrial waste such as beef dung, cane bagasse and carbonized rice husks are beneficial for the production of quality seedlings.In addition, they are inexpensive and can easily replace commercial substrates.It is recommended to study the use of these components for the production of seedlings of Anadenanthera peregrina.

Table 3 -
Average values of sample diameter (DC), height (H), total dry mass weight (PMST), dry root mass weight (PMSR), dry mass weight of the air part (PMSA) and Dickson quality index (IQD) for Anadenanthera peregrina seedlings on different substrates.Averages followed by the same lower case letter do not differ statistically (Tukey test -P≥0.05).