ANALYSIS OF THE VULNERABILITY OF FARMERS' LIVELIHOODS AS A IMPACT OF SHIFTING SLOW VARIABLES AND FAST VARIABLES: LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY INDEX AND PHOTOVOICE APPROACHES

Purpose: This study aims to study the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifts in slow and fast variables. Method: In this study, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach and the Photovoice method were used to comprehensively describe and analyze the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index LVI method will provide a deeper understanding of the level of vulnerability of farmers to these changes. In addition, the Photovoice method is used to obtain a visual perspective from the farmers themselves. Results and conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the vulnerability of farming households in coastal areas is in two aspects. First, through the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), it can be seen that land conversion has resulted in a decrease in the productivity of the agricultural sector, farmer incomes, and loss of livelihoods for vulnerable local farmers. The sensitivity of farmers is also evident through their high dependence on the agricultural sector and their reluctance to leave their homes. Second, using the Photovoice method, the sources of vulnerability faced by farm households are illustrated, such as water and soil contamination by shrimp pond waste and decreased productivity and income due to careless disposal of waste. Research implication:


INTRODUCTION
In the era of globalization and rapid climate change, the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods in coastal areas is an issue that has received serious attention from researchers (Cipriano et al., 2022). This phenomenon occurs because coastal farmers are a group that is highly dependent on their livelihoods from the agricultural sector, but are vulnerable to changes in slow and fast variables that significantly affect the sustainability of their agricultural business (Martuti et al., 2018). In this case, shifts in slow variables such as climate change and fast variables such as fluctuations in commodity prices and sudden natural disasters and land conversion due to population growth have a significant impact on the lives and livelihoods of farmers (Allison et al., 2005;Fekete & Sakdapolrak, 2014;Iyalomhe et al., 2015;Torresan et al., 2012;Higgins & Dwyer, 2019). In addition, coastal farming households are vulnerable to social, economic and ecological changes in their area (Sano et al., 2015). One of the main factors of this change is the shift in the use of agricultural land to ponds which has a major impact on the daily lives and livelihoods of coastal farmers (Munasikhah & Wijayati, 2021). In this context, the conversion of coastal agricultural land into ponds changes the lifestyle and source of income of farmers, as well as disrupts traditional agricultural systems that affect the productivity and economic sustainability of farmers (Longo et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the rapid shift of land into shrimp ponds in coastal areas contributes to cumulatively significant environmental impacts. These impacts include loss of ecosystem transformation, decreased resilience of wetlands, and damage to mangrove forests. The reason is the spread of waste containing hazardous substances from shrimp pond activities (Monsalve & Quiroga, 2022). These hazardous substances come from the use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers used in the process of cultivating shrimp ponds. In addition, hazardous substances in waste can also come from leftover shrimp feed that is not consumed and settles at the bottom of the pond (Avnimelech, 2003). Pond maintenance processes such as cleaning and draining can also produce waste containing hazardous substances which can pollute the environment around shrimp ponds (Kongkeo, 1997). Indirectly, this problem will have an impact on land use along coastal areas where farmers usually grow various types of fruit and vegetable crops. Even though the soil is sandy, they are still able to develop several types of plants with cultivation methods. In addition, the growth of shrimp ponds increases unemployment due to low use of labor and more efficient technology and production systems.
Coastal communities also feel a negative impact in the tourism sector due to land conversion into ponds. Where shrimp ponds often have a less attractive visual appearance. These ponds may appear as watery brown or green areas that are less aesthetically pleasing. The unattractive appearance of shrimp ponds can reduce the beauty of the natural scenery around it and disrupt the experience of tourists visiting the coast. In this case the tourism sector has a relatively large contribution to economic growth in coastal areas (Buhang, 2013). Thus, it can be concluded that the conversion of land in coastal areas to shrimp ponds will be a big problem for the survival of farmers in coastal areas (Ismi & Hasanah, 2023). This problem also causes instability in the economy if farmers are unable to adapt to this environment. Therefore, providing insight and understanding as well as holistic handling of shifts in land use is necessary to protect the livelihoods of coastal farmers and maintain the sustainability of coastal ecosystems.
Research that focuses on the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods due to land conversion to ponds has been carried out a lot, this is done to provide insight, understanding, and a comprehensive approach as well as holistic handling of the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifting slow and fast variables in cases of transition land (Paul & Røskaft, 2013) in his writings argues that the transformation of coastal land into shrimp ponds causes conflict due to cultivation practices that damage the environment, pollute salt water, and eliminate the traditional agricultural sector which is the main livelihood of the population. So a compromise is needed that takes into account the sustainability of various interested parties in terms of land use in coastal areas, both for those with livelihoods as farmers or other traditional livelihoods with parties who clear land for pond cultivation. Other research also indicated the need for collaboration with government agencies on strategies and recommended policy changes to improve shrimp farming, including disease management, waste management, implementation of good aquaculture practices, and proper environmental monitoring (Suning et al., 2022). In addition, collaboration with state universities is also needed so that they can play a role in improving better management practices (Macusi et al., 2022). Nevertheless, the results of several studies that have been conducted indicate the need for a new, more comprehensive approach in looking at the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifting slow and fast variables in terms of farmers' conditions.
Combining two methods, namely the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and Photovoice, is an approach that is rarely applied in research on the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifting slow and fast variables. Where the use of these methods is believed to be able to help provide an in-depth understanding of shifts in land use and provide support in efforts to protect the livelihoods of coastal farmers and maintain the sustainability of coastal ecosystems. In this case the Livelihood Vulnerability Index LVI can be grouped into three main factors, namely exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity (Füssel & Klein, 2006). Exposure includes natural disturbances and social disturbances as its main components. The sensitivity involves dependence on agricultural work, income from agriculture, and dependence on the location of residence as its main component (Rodríguez et al., 2022). Meanwhile, adaptive capacity consists of natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, human capital, and social capital as its main components. This index provides a more holistic understanding of the level of vulnerability of certain communities or groups to changes and threats that affect the livelihoods of farmers in coastal areas (Adger, 2006;Hahn et al., 2009a;Kawarazuka et  4 2016). While Photovoice is an approach that looks at and analyzes based on the condition of farmers in the context of environmental change due to land transfer. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that applies the two methods in order to provide a more comprehensive analysis and effective handling solutions to the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of land conversion to shrimp ponds.

RESEARCH METHOD
The focus of this study was to analyze the socio-economic and ecological vulnerabilities and adaptations of coastal farmers to changes in the regime of socio-economic and ecological systems caused by the shift from coastal agricultural land to shrimp farming. The method used in this research is mix method. Where quantitatively the LVI (Livelihood Vulnerability Index) is used to calculate the vulnerability index of coastal farming households that experience social, economic and ecological changes due to a shift in the use of agricultural land to shrimp ponds. While photovoice is used to describe the factual conditions of the vulnerabilities experienced which are then narrated so that appropriate and accurate information is conveyed from the object under study. The steps in the Photovoice method include recruiting participants, giving photo assignments, and conducting photo narrations through semi-structured interviews (Carolina et al., 2020).

Participant Profile
This study involved 100 farmers who live and work around the pond area as research subjects, using a purposive sampling technique to select respondents based on certain characteristics (Boonsuk et al., 2021). These farmers were selected as the sample because they have direct involvement in farming activities in the pond area and are considered as key stakeholders in the context of this study. It is hoped that their participation in this research will provide in-depth insight into their experiences, challenges and perspectives regarding the changes and dynamics that occur in the pond farming sector. By involving this population, this study aims to gain a comprehensive and representative understanding of the issues studied in the context of farming communities directly related to the pond area.

Data Collections
Data collection in this study used semi-structured interviews as qualitative data which will later be used in narrating pictures or portraits of the vulnerability of farming communities under changes in the SERS Variable. Then for quantitative data in the form of surveys of farmer households related to shifts in social, economic and ecological systems in the research area. In this study, the survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to a representative sample of the relevant population. The questionnaire was designed with structured and varied questions, which included information about the sociodemographic characteristics, preferences, perceptions or experiences of the respondents related to the research topic. Data were taken from 4 sub-districts on the coast of Kebumen Regency (Puring, Petanahan, Klirong and Mirit).

Data Analysis
Data obtained based on the results of a survey of 100 farmers who live and work around the pond area will be analyzed using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) equation developed by (Hahn et al., 2009). LVI is carried out in three steps, namely calculating the index ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.17.n.8 | p.1-19 | e03648 | 2023. 5 for each sub-component using a predetermined formula (Hahn et al., 2009;Shah et al., 2013). The equations used are presented as follows: The LVI scale ranges from 0 (less vulnerable) to 1 (very vulnerable). In addition, the qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews will be analyzed using the thematic analysis method as recommended by Braun and Clarke (2006). In general, this method consists of several steps. First, recognizing the recorded data, second, transcribing the data, third, reading the interview transcripts, fourth, marking the important data found and continuing with identifying potential themes, and finally formulating the final theme of the data. Transcripts that have been read carefully will also be checked against similar responses, then combine them into one emerging theme.

RESULTS
Changes in slow and fast variables, such as the transformation of coastal land from previously productive land into pond cultivation, can cause vulnerability for farmers as previous land users. To analyze the elements of vulnerability involved, calculations are carried out using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to understand the extent to which farmers' livelihoods are vulnerable to this cultivation practice.

Livelihood Vulnerability Analysis with Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI)
Coastal areas are areas that are most vulnerable to changes both ecologically, socially and economically, this is due to the strategic geographical location of the coast and rich in resources where dependence on livelihoods in coastal areas is quite high. However, this can change along with the use or utilization of coastal resources, especially land use from cropping agriculture to shrimp farming land. Measurement of the level of vulnerability in households has been carried out a lot and has undergone various modifications and developments. Previous research on household vulnerability, among others, caused by climate change and disasters, changes in land use, ecological crises and so on. Especially for farming households, they carry out different adaptation strategies for each case and region (Wiyata et al., 2019). For farmer households, land conversion will have a direct impact on their livelihood structure, livelihood structure is the composition of farmer household income from various livelihood activities carried out by all family members (Saraswati and Dharmawan, 2019). Furthermore, farmers' income can come from: (1) on farm, which comes from the agricultural sector, where actors are directly involved in production activities on the land, (2) off-farm, namely the agricultural sector, but refers more to the wages of agricultural labor or profit sharing, and (3) non-farm, namely originating from outside agricultural activities.
Communities where the area is converted will carry out livelihood strategies, one of which is to seek alternative livelihoods, livelihood strategies or livelihood strategies are ways in which people meet their needs or improve their livelihoods. The characteristics of the livelihood system are characterized by the economic sector and the local socio-cultural system (Saraswati and Dharmawan, 2019). The livelihood strategy can be implemented if there is livelihood capital, namely: (1) natural capital (natural resources to produce products), (2) Physical capital or assets carried in the production process, namely capital created by humans in the form of infrastructure, (3) Human capital, namely the capital that exists within humans which is influenced by the level of education, skills and health, (4) financial capital, namely money capital or access to loans used for livelihood capital and (5) social capital or support from its network and associations to which the person contributes (Wiyata et al., 2019). The results of the calculation of the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) are described as follows:

Components Livelihoods Vulnerability Exposure Components
If each component of the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods is pulled back, namely the Exposure sub-component that comes from disturbances from nature as follows; agricultural resources have a high vulnerability index value of (0.52) and soil pollution also has a high vulnerability index (0.51), change also makes climate change vulnerable by (0.39) the climate becomes hotter and more erratic, due to the many trees and plants were lost and turned into shrimp ponds, while the natural disaster sub-component had a low vulnerability index of 0.20. Meanwhile exposure to social disturbance can identify the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as follows; there was a high vulnerability in the sub-component of farmer income, namely 0.71, while related to how much the vulnerability index lost livelihoods as a farmer after the change of agricultural land into ponds showed a moderate vulnerability index, namely 0.30. This means that changes in agricultural land into shrimp ponds have the potential to affect and result in impacts on vulnerability or exposure from land conversion as the vulnerability index level of the various sub-components mentioned above.

Components Eyes Vulnerability Components Sensitivity (Sensitivity)
Sensitivity (sensitivity) of the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods in coastal areas related to the conversion of agricultural land to shrimp ponds, the results of the study identified how vulnerable the livelihoods of farmers from the side of their dependence on agricultural work were at a moderate level of vulnerability as indicated by a component index value of 0.36 , if it is withdrawn from its sub-component, namely the involvement of family members in the agricultural sector, it can be explained that the proportion of labor from families working on farmers has a livelihood vulnerability of 0.31, and the role of wives who are high in the agricultural sector also has a high potential to be affected or vulnerable, namely 0.73, and their involvement is quite high, namely 0.58, and 0.22, the role of the wife in supporting the economy from agricultural livelihoods. This sensitivity or sensitivity means that the conversion of agricultural land into ponds has an effect on family members involved in the livelihoods of farmers where their involvement contributes to the household economy. From the subcomponent, the proportion of income from the agricultural sector to total family income shows a high level of vulnerability, namely 0.51, and the adequacy of income to meet household needs from the agricultural sector also shows a high level of vulnerability, namely 0.67. The income dependency component from agricultural livelihoods shows a fairly high vulnerability value of 0.43. Meanwhile, dependence on the local place of residence is very high because most of the farming communities do not want to leave their hometown even though there are better livelihoods elsewhere as indicated by the low housing vulnerability sub-index of 0.08.

Livelihood Vulnerability Component Adaptive Capacity Component
The sub-component of adaptive capacity shows a high level of vulnerability of agricultural land due to the conversion of agricultural land into ponds with a sub-component index value of 0.54, while from the physical capital used in agriculture at a moderate level of vulnerability, it can be explained that facilities and infrastructure agriculture is still limited and the functions and capabilities of existing facilities and infrastructure are also still very behind, and the limited tools for processing agricultural products cause agricultural products to still have a low selling value and affect the low income of farmers on the coast as well. From the economic capital of the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods, the sub-component index of opportunities to receive agricultural subsidies is at a moderate level of vulnerability, namely 0.33, this means that some farmers can access subsidies in agricultural livelihoods, some also cannot access them due to limited agricultural subsidies in coastal areas. whereas access to financial institutions to obtain capital loans for agricultural livelihoods has a relatively high vulnerability index value of 0.64, this is due to the relatively difficult bank administration requirements and the low ability of farmers to be able to provide collateral for the loans they will submit. to financial institutions, while high vulnerability was also identified from weak financial support from relatives and families of coastal farming communities with a subcomponent index value of 0.51. The overall economic capital component shows a fairly high vulnerability value of 0.49. The next and most important component of vulnerability is human capital in the agricultural sector, the index of the component of vulnerability is quite high, namely 0.41, and finally, social capital has a moderate vulnerability index of 0.35. The results showed an LVI value of 0.42 (Quite vulnerable), this means that the changes that occurred, namely the conversion of agricultural land into shrimp ponds in the coastal area of Kebumen district caused vulnerability to farmers' livelihoods.

Livelihood Vulnerability with Photovoice Survey
The results of the Photovoice Survey on Livelihood Vulnerability of Coastal Farmers Due to Conversion of Agricultural Land to Shrimp Ponds were obtained by a participatory method that allows participants to express their views through photography to show what things may not have been described in real terms in previous studies related to vulnerability and the impact experienced by coastal farmers due to the conversion or conversion of productive agricultural land on the coast into massive shrimp farming ponds. The results of the research using the Photovoice method can be presented below and clearly narrated in accordance with the explanations and statements of the participants, in this case farmers: The sewerage for pond waste that is disposed of through a pipe and located on the residents' agricultural land sometimes has leaks. Where the leak resulted in polluted surrounding soil, especially making the plants around the leak dry. This is because pond water waste contains a high level of salt. Which makes the plants dry and die. Losses experienced by farmers from the presence of waste on agricultural land caused losses and farmers could not use the groundwater around the ponds to water the plants because this caused damage and death of the plants. According to the farmers, they can only plant in the rainy season, by utilizing rainfed rice fields, so they can only harvest once a year. The groundwater around the ponds was polluted from pond waste wells and leaking sewage pipes which resulted in groundwater that was fresh and could be consumed for drinking and also for watering plants to turn brackish. So that the drilled wells made by farmers cannot be used for watering plants or for consumption of drinking water.  In the shrimp ponds there are shrimp waste disposal wells. The bottom of the well was not cast so that the shrimp pond wastewater seeps directly into the ground, thereby contaminating the agricultural land around the pond. Waste water containing salt causes damage to plants, one of which is that the plants become dry and eventually die.   11 Some ponds produce foam which comes from the fertilizer used by the shrimp farmers. The foam often flies about the plants around the pond. The result of this foam is very fatal, which can damage and cause plants to die and cannot be harvested. The lack of concern for pond farmers towards waste management that is friendly and safe for the surrounding environment can be demonstrated by direct disposal of waste on the ground around pond ponds. The waste should be disposed of through a pipe that leads directly to the sea. Due to the presence of mountains of sand that hinder or make it difficult for pond farmers to install sewage pipes up to the sea, pond farmers immediately dump their waste in the land area before the sand dune, causing a pool of waste which contaminates the soil and causes an unpleasant odor.

The Level of Vulnerability of Farmers' Livelihoods as a Result of the Shift in the Function of Agricultural Land to Shrimp Ponds
The conversion of agricultural land into shrimp ponds has the potential to cause a decrease in agricultural productivity and also have a negative impact on the environment, social and economy where the income and welfare of farmers are threatened with vulnerability (Wiyata et al., 2019). The income of coastal farmer households comes from various activities in the agricultural sector, both from activities that generate productivity from the land they cultivate or from a profit-sharing system. The existence of land conversion forces farmers to adapt to changes that occur, for example the impact of increasingly narrowing agricultural land on the coast, a decrease in soil fertility due to saltwater intrusion and pollution, so that it makes farmers need to carry out strategies in livelihoods that have the potential to experience vulnerability. Social change and environment can be disruptive and lead to vulnerability of livelihoods (Adger, 2006). Vulnerability is the extent to which natural systems and social systems survive the changes that occur. Vulnerability includes a household's exposure to shocks (e.g. conflict, disease, floods, storms, drought) and seasonality such as prices and employment opportunities, demographic, environmental, economic, governance and technological changes (Malone, 2009). The definition of vulnerability is a function of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity. In this study to measure and analyze the vulnerability of farm households from the conversion of agricultural land into shrimp ponds by using indicators to determine the social and economic characteristics that affect adaptive capacity, and the sensitivity of farm households to change (Dwi et al., 2017;Hahn et al., 2009d;Jia et al., 2015).

Exposure
The vulnerability of farm households from the conversion of agricultural land to shrimp farming land, when viewed from the exposure factor to natural disturbances caused by land conversion, namely reduced agricultural resources and soil pollution, so that exposure to natural disturbances also creates vulnerability to social and economic disturbance factors. namely a decrease in the income of farmers who are very vulnerable. This can be interpreted that the existence of shrimp farming has an impact on the livelihoods of farmers, mainly due to reduced land and soil pollution, thereby reducing agricultural productivity and ultimately affecting farmers' income which has decreased over time along with increasing shrimp cultivation land built on agricultural land. Then some of them are vulnerable to losing their livelihoods as farmers because they are people with financial capabilities, low skills and are unable or do not have the capital to switch to other livelihoods, this is in line with research conducted by (Shameem et al., 2014) where changes in land use, saltwater intrusion from shrimp farming become endogenous drivers of livelihood vulnerability of poor households in the study area (coastal). Masud Iqbal, et al in his research stated that changes in environmental and ecosystem conditions would cause danger and pressure would greatly impact the livelihoods of local communities directly.

Sensitivity
From a sensitivity point of view, the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods in the study area is divided into 3 sub-indicators: dependency on farmers' livelihoods; dependence of income from the agricultural sector; dependency on the locale of residence. The LVI results show the highest level of dependence on income from the agricultural sector with an index number of 0.44, which means that changes in land use to shrimp farming cause significant vulnerability, especially to farmers' income, where their level of dependence on this sector is very high. Farmer households in the study area almost all of their members depend for life and work in the agricultural sector (husband, wife and children) and LVI data also shows the proportion of farmer income from the dominant agricultural sector because not many farmer households have side jobs to supplement their income. Adequacy of income to meet their needs from the agricultural sector as long as they work as farmers are often insufficient, especially coupled with the decreasing agricultural output due to land use change, vulnerability becomes a threat to the sustainability of livelihoods and a decent livelihood for coastal farmers in Kebumen. The adaptive capacity of the natural capital component, namely the availability of agricultural land for farming households, is very vulnerable with an LVI of 0.54, this is due to changes in the function of agricultural land to cultivated land causing vulnerability to farmers' livelihoods because land availability is decreasing and if this is not limited and prevented for spatial planning and coastal areas for agricultural use, it will have an impact on the loss of agricultural livelihoods due to limited agricultural land.

Physical Capital
Physical capital with an average vulnerability index value of 0.36 indicates that farming households are also vulnerable to the effects of change, this is due to the lack of facilities and infrastructure such as agricultural supporting equipment such as tractors, irrigation canals or drilled wells, and other agricultural tools so that the impact from a decline in agricultural productivity it continues to fall along with reduced availability of land and limited physical capital for farmers to intensify agricultural output.

Economic Capital
The ability to adapt is also determined by economic capital, namely the ability to obtain subsidies or financial assistance for farming households in carrying out their livelihoods. The results of the vulnerability analysis of farmer households from the economic capital factor are indicated by an average index value of 0.49 which means that it is close to vulnerability. . This causes vulnerability for farming households if they experience a decrease in agricultural yields either caused by natural factors or caused by changes in land use which cause a decrease in agricultural productivity. They are unable to survive from the livelihood of farmers and it is even difficult to switch to other livelihoods because it is difficult to get economic capital in the form of loans or subsidies.

Human Capital
The results of the vulnerability survey and calculation of the livelihood vulnerability index show that human capital is quite vulnerable, namely 0.40. Human capital is defined as available labor in farmer households in the farmer livelihood vulnerability survey (Shameem et al., 2014). In this study, human capital is defined as the number of young labor force in farming households, and also how many are members of village cadres who have experience and have received agricultural training from related agencies, the private sector and the government regarding methods and training in farmer's livelihood.
Human capital is an indicator of the vulnerability of farming households, where a young and experienced labor force who has received training as village cadres will be able to work more productively and effectively and have better adaptability compared to an old and inexperienced farmer workforce. become a village cadre. If some of the younger generation are not interested in becoming farmers, they tend to choose jobs in urban areas such as factory workers and shop workers rather than taking part in maintaining the family farm. This makes human capital in terms of the young workforce affect the sustainability of the livelihoods of farmers in the research area. Meanwhile, with regard to the capacity of the workforce, most of their respondents did not become village cadres so that they were left behind in terms of knowledge and training that supports increased production and resilience and sustainability of farmers' livelihoods.

Social Capital
The social capital component in the vulnerability analysis of farmer livelihoods first investigates whether farmer households can be connected to social organizations and how beneficial these social organizations are to farmers (Thu Trang & Loc, 2021). It was found from the results of a vulnerability survey related to human capital related to whether farmer households are members of an organization such as cooperatives or other agricultural associations, there is still very little, this is indicated by a sub-component value of 0.14 so that it is meaningful that out of 100 respondents only 14% joined agricultural organizations . Involvement in an agricultural organization makes farmers benefit from the organization, just as cooperatives and farmer associations or combined farmer groups (Gapoktan) make the ability of farmers supported by an organization that strengthens in terms of capital and agricultural managerial skills, which can be an indicator of overcoming eye vulnerability. livelihood.
The second component of social capital is the number of relatives, family members who are reliable and can help in daily life and agricultural production in the research area. The results of the farmer vulnerability survey showed that the index number for this sub-component was 0.22, so that out of 100 respondents only 22% of respondents had relatives who were able and willing to help in farmer's life and daily farmer activities. These findings indicate that when farmers experience difficulties in their livelihoods, most of them find it difficult to seek support and assistance from their family and relatives or close neighbours. The third component of social capital is farmer compliance with formal and non-formal rules in agricultural management. Rules play an important role because they are a form of support from the government related to good governance and not harming one another. The research findings show that the sub-component of farmers' adherence to regulations is quite high, but the problem is the lack of regulations governing good agricultural governance and land use in coastal areas, resulting in less monitoring of land use in coastal areas which has the potential to threaten the sustainability of farmers' livelihoods. Looking at the ecological conditions of agriculture in the study area due to changes in land use for shrimp farming, researchers can conclude that the current agricultural model is still disorganized and there is still a lack of government rules and policies related to land management rules causing farmers' livelihoods to be potentially vulnerable and will not economically sustainable and in the long term will lead to social, economic and ecological vulnerabilities, especially from pressures and changes that continue to occur. This is in line with studies that have been conducted, where pressure continues to increase from the environment and international markets, the limited role of government and support from relatives and family makes agriculture unsustainable due to threats and pressures and changes (Hoang et al., 2020;Thu Trang & Loc, 2021).

Vulnerability of Farming Households with the Photovoice Method
The vulnerability of farmer households in the study area was also examined using the Photovoice method. Through Photovoice researchers can explore the vulnerability of farmers due to changes in land use to shrimp farming through photography activities, which are methods of obtaining data in the form of photos and narratives, which make it a powerful tool to support people in their various experiences (Jarldorn, 2018). In qualitative research, researchers feel the need to answer qualitative questions "how", "why" and "what is it like", therefore qualitative methods can be expanded imaginatively by utilizing art-based approaches such as dance, theater, painting, creative writing, poetry , oral history music and photography (Egerton, 2017).
Research findings related to what causes the vulnerability of coastal farmers' livelihoods from changes in land use to shrimp farming land obtained through the photovoice method, namely: 1) Shrimp pond waste from pipe leaks which contaminates groundwater around ponds and agricultural land, thereby reducing productivity farmer; 2) Groundwater that was previously fresh and could be consumed and used for watering agricultural crops turned sour and quickly changed color, so that it could no longer be used for consumption of drinking water and watering plants; 3) waste disposal that is still indiscriminate and not managed properly causes the surrounding land to not be planted and results in damaged plants; 4) Foam from shrimp manure that is carried by the wind and hits the plants can cause the plants to dry and die quickly; and 5) farmers' income decreases due to pollution and damage to agricultural crops.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The vulnerability of farm households to changes in land use based on the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), siuch as exposure (exposure) to natural disturbances caused by land conversion on the coast, namely: reduced agricultural land and soil pollution resulting in a decrease in the productivity of the agricultural sector which at the same time has an impact on decreasing the income of farmers and some local farming communities losing their livelihoods where they are vulnerable on average the average is local people who do not have financial capacity, low skills, do not have their own land so it is difficult to switch to other livelihoods besides the agricultural sector. Sensitivity (sensitivity) produces 3 indicators of vulnerability, namely: 1). dependence on the agricultural sector is very high with an index number of 0.44 which means that vulnerability is quite significant; 2). Dependence on income from the agricultural sector is dominant; 3). Dependence on housing is also high, local people are reluctant to leave their hometowns to find work elsewhere. Adaptive capacity is divided into 5 components of vulnerability, namely: 1) Natural capital: the diminishing availability of agricultural land has an impact on the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods with an LVI index number of 0.54 which means it is very vulnerable; 2) physical capital: with a vulnerability index number of 0.36 which means the lack of physical facilities and infrastructure to support farmers' livelihood activities also affects moderate vulnerability, where when changes occur and have an impact on decreasing agricultural productivity, limited physical capital causes farmers not to can intensify agricultural output.; 3) Economic capital: the result of the index number is 0.49 (vulnerable), difficulty accessing capital from bank loans, agricultural markets and other financial institutions is a source of vulnerability. When there is an impact of decreased productivity due to changes, it is difficult for farmers to survive and switch to other livelihoods due to limitations in economic capital in the form of loans or subsidies: 4) Human capital: index number 0.40 (quite vulnerable), where the number of young workforce there are still very few experienced and trained village cadres and this affects the sustainability of the livelihoods of farmers who are able to withstand the pressures of change and are able to increase the productivity of the agricultural sector; 5) Social capital: very few farmer households connected to organizations and a low number of reliable relatives, this has the potential to make farmers very vulnerable if they experience difficulties in their livelihoods or experience pressure from changes that cause a decrease in income. In terms of compliance with regulations, farmers are very obedient but related to changes that are not followed by regulations governing agricultural governance and land use, this also causes potential vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods in the coastal areas of Kebumen. With the Photovoice method, the vulnerability of farming households can be described in real terms according to the actual facts and conditions, with the captured images that the farmer respondents really perceive as a source of vulnerability using the method. The Photovoice results are related to sources of vulnerability to farmers' livelihoods, namely: shrimp pond waste which contaminates groundwater and agricultural land reduces farmer productivity, groundwater that is no longer suitable for consumption because it turns salty and changes color quickly so it cannot be used for consumption and watering plants , disposal of waste that is still disposed of carelessly around ponds causes plants to become damaged and dies and foam waste from shrimp fertilizer which is carried by the wind and hits plants around ponds causing dry and dead plants, all of which cause farmers' income to decrease progressively and threatens to no longer be productive. Vulnerability research emphasizes the importance of addressing the role of external forces and rapid change in reshaping social, economic and ecological systems, and describes the different capacities of agents or actors within the system to respond to change based on their access to social, economic and natural capital. The vulnerability behind changes in land use can be understood using the concepts of complex adaptive systems and transitions. Resource scarcity causing production pressure on resources, changing opportunities created by markets, loss of adaptive capacity, and changing social attitudes are important drivers that challenge governance systems in coastal areas.