SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to explore the impact of social environment factors on domestic violence and to highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to address this issue. Theoretical framework: This paper is grounded in the understanding that domestic violence is influenced by various social factors, such as religious beliefs, education, poverty, and unemployment. These factors shape the social environment in which domestic violence occurs. Methods: The research methodology employed in this study involves a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing studies, reports, and empirical evidence related to the impact of social environment factors on domestic violence. The data collected is used to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. Results and conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that social environment factors, including religious beliefs, education, poverty, and unemployment, have a significant impact on the occurrence and perpetuation of domestic violence. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of awareness-raising campaigns and community projects that provide support and resources to families in need. The role of institutions and organizations, such as specialized monitoring systems and the legal system, in addressing and preventing domestic violence is also discussed. Finding Implication: The research findings have implications for policymakers, practitioners, and organizations working in the field of domestic violence prevention and intervention. The study underscores the importance of adopting a multi-dimensional approach that addresses social environment factors and provides support to affected individuals and families. Originality


INTRODUCTION
The phenomenon of violence is considered one of the ancient phenomena in human societies. It is as old as the human being, who has been associated and is still associated with social ties with the environment in which he influences and is affected by it. It was also divided into: -domestic violence against women -domestic violence against children -domestic violence against the elderly. In addition, the increase in its prevalence has become a matter of surprise, whether at the world level or at the level of the Arab world. Family violence is the most common type of human violence in our time, and although we have not yet obtained an accurate study that shows us the percentage of this family violence in our Arab society, Traces of it have begun to appear tangibly on the surface, which indicates that its percentage is on the rise and requires all parties of society to move quickly and seriously to stop this growth and fix what can be fixed. Before delving more into the field of domestic violence, we must first define the family and show some important matters in family life and relationships. The family, which, as soon as it is achieved or some of it, we will have laid a cornerstone in building a strong dam against the phenomenon of domestic violence. We can define the family as the social institution that arises from the union of a man and a woman with a contract aimed at establishing the building block that contributes to building society, and its most important pillar is the husband, wife, and children. Violence is a concept derived from the Latin word "Violare", which means causing harm to people or things. In Webster's dictionary, it means using force to cause harm to others. In the Arabic language, it means blame and intimidation. In social sciences, violence refers to inflicting harm on others and seeking to break down social relationships among family members. Types of domestic violence include violence against wives, violence against husbands, violence against children, violence among family members, violence against the elderly, neglect, physical and emotional abuse, and moral violence. Violence is the use of physical or moral force to cause harm to others in an illegitimate manner. Domestic violence includes violence by husbands against their wives, violence by wives against their husbands, violence by parents against their children and vice versa. It also includes physical, sexual, verbal, and threatened violence, as well as social and intellectual violence. The most dangerous type of domestic violence is called "honor killing" (Ahmad, 2019).
Domestic violence is one of the most important and dangerous types of violence. It has received attention and study as the family is the cornerstone of society, and the most important structure within it. Domestic violence is a pattern of aggressive behavior, where the powerful exercise their power and strength over the weak in order to achieve their own goals and purposes using all forms of violence, whether physical, verbal, or moral. It is not necessarily one of the parents who practices violence, but the strongest member of the family. It is not surprising that the victim of violence could be one of the parents when they reach old age and become weak (Al-Dabbagh, 2019).
Therefore, domestic violence is one of the types of verbals, physical, or sexual assault perpetrated by the stronger member of the family against an individual or weaker individuals, resulting in physical, psychological, or social harm. As domestic violence is known to be "behavior exhibited by an individual within a family towards another individual, involving physical assault on them, to a greater or lesser degree, intentionally motivated by instances of anger, frustration, desire for revenge, self-defense, or to force them to carry out certain actions or prevent them from doing so, which may result in physical or psychological harm or both." Domestic violence is defined as "the actions carried out by one member of a family or household, specifically including various types of physical assault, imprisonment, deprivation of basic needs, coercion to act against one's will, expulsion, causing fractures or injuries, causing disabilities, or even murder (Ali and Naylor, 2013).
Through the above, we can define domestic violence as: "The behavior that one family member engages in without an acceptable justification, causing material or moral harm, or both, to another member of the same family. This specifically includes: various types of physical abuse, imprisonment, deprivation of basic needs, coercion to perform an act against the individual's will, expulsion, insult, verbal or sexual assault, and causing bodily or psychological fractures or injuries." It has become clear after all the above that the problem of domestic violence is a social problem that affects all aspects of society. Therefore, it is necessary to address it, understand it, research it, and ultimately develop solutions to it. Social awareness of a societal problem is an advanced stage in the evolution of human thought, beginning with the initial knowledge stage or what can be called sensory knowledge, passing through the critical conceptual stage, and reaching the stage of true awareness of reality and its issues. The phenomenon of violence, like any other social phenomenon, requires knowledge of its true scale and awareness of the objective factors to understand and analyze the phenomenon. Similarly, awareness of the lifestyle pattern is necessary in order to analyze the phenomenon from its social context, identify the path of its development, and uncover its causes in order to work on reducing its prevalence (Alshuwairikh and Hamed, 2020).
Violence has spread significantly, where more than 17,500 murders were committed against women and children between the years 1967 and 1973, 60% of which were committed by men practicing domestic violence. The United States of America witnessed most of these crimes, where they were committed by husbands or boyfriends. However, in 1994, there were four million cases of domestic violence, and 20% of those incidents resulted in serious injuries (Amato, 2014).

Theoretical Contributions
Understanding the Phenomenon: Research on domestic violence contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics, causes, and consequences of this social issue. It helps in exploring the underlying factors that contribute to the occurrence and persistence of domestic violence within families.
Informing Theory Development: Through empirical investigation and analysis, research on domestic violence helps in the development and refinement of theoretical frameworks and models that explain the various aspects of domestic violence. It contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of social sciences, psychology, sociology, criminology, and gender studies.
Identifying Risk Factors and Protective Factors: Research can shed light on the risk factors associated with domestic violence, such as socio-cultural factors, individual characteristics, and relationship dynamics. It also helps in identifying protective factors that can prevent or mitigate the occurrence of domestic violence, such as social support systems, intervention programs, and policy measures.

Practical Contributions
Enhancing Prevention and Intervention Strategies: Research on domestic violence provides evidence-based insights that inform the development and implementation of effective prevention and intervention strategies. It helps in designing targeted programs and policies that address the root causes of domestic violence, support survivors, and hold perpetrators accountable.
Supporting Victims and Survivors: Through research, the experiences and needs of victims and survivors of domestic violence can be better understood. This knowledge can guide the development of support services, counseling programs, shelters, and legal protections to ensure the safety and well-being of those affected by domestic violence.
Informing Policy and Legal Reforms: Research findings can inform policymakers and legislators in developing and improving laws, policies, and regulations related to domestic violence. It can contribute to the establishment of comprehensive legal frameworks, increased enforcement of protective measures, and enhanced collaboration between different sectors to address domestic violence effectively.
In summary, research on domestic violence is justified by its theoretical contributions in deepening the understanding and knowledge of the phenomenon, as well as its practical contributions in shaping prevention strategies, supporting survivors, and informing policy and legal reforms. The aim of the study is to understand and address the problem of domestic violence as a social issue, analyzing its various types and their impact on individuals and society.

METHODOLOGY
There are many different types of violence, including physical violence that is tangible and has clear effects on the victim, and emotional violence that may not have an immediate impact on the victim's body, but instead has an impact on their psyche (Anderson, 2015).
The following is an overview of types of violence, along with examples:

Physical harm
This is anything that harms the body and causes damage as a result of violence, no matter how severe. Physical violence takes many forms, including pushing, hitting, slapping, pulling, hair-pulling, punching, choking, burning, twisting arms, using weapons, and hitting the head against a wall or on the ground. This is one of the most heinous and cruel types of violence, and most cases are committed in defense of honor. This type of violence is almost non-existent in the United Arab Emirates due to its conservative nature.
If murder is one of the most heinous types of violence, then rape is perhaps the most atrocious and horrific. With murder, the victim's life ends after experiencing pain and suffering for a limited period, but in rape, the victim suffers psychological pain and emotional disorders that may last a lifetime.

Emotional violence
It refers to everything that hurts the victim's feelings, such as insults or any words that carry insult, or describing the victim with despicable qualities that make them feel humiliated or belittled. Emotional violence can take various forms, including shouting, cursing, threatening with violence, humiliation, embarrassment, constant criticism, or condemnation, threatening to harm children, house arrest, excessive jealousy, threatening to abandon, and continuous interrogation.

House arrest or restricting freedom
It is a rejected action because it involves a form of slavery. Imam Ali (AS) said, "Do not be a slave of others while Allah created you free." House arrest may prevail in some families as a precautionary measure against the victim's bad behavior in the eyes of the abuser. Perhaps this type of emotional violence is practiced against women and girls, even if there is no justifying reason for it.

Eviction from home
If the previous type is practiced against females, this type of violence is practiced against males due to social considerations that distinguish Arab societies from others. This type of violence is considered the last resort used by parents when they fail to discipline their victimized child's behavior.

Economic violence
Economic violence is manifested by retaining money or monopolizing it, preventing the wife from obtaining a job or preventing her from continuing to work, forcing her to request money or expenses, demanding that the wife gives her salary (seizing her salary without her desire), spending money independently without consulting the wife or obtaining her consent, preventing the wife from owning any belongings, and denying the wife access to money.
Secondly, the reasons and motives for domestic violence can be divided into three categories (Bair-Merritt, et al., 2006): Firstly, personal reasons: these are related to the personality of the person committing the violence, such as having a personality disorder, psychological distress, or substance abuse, or having a mental illness.
Secondly, social reasons: these are related to the family circumstances of the person committing the violence, which may be due to socio-economic conditions, such as poverty or low income that does not meet family requirements, or the state of housing or the area in which they live, or the family lifestyle in general, such as frequent arguments due to environmental pressures or lack of marital compatibility, as well as the cultural level and how leisure time is spent, the educational level of family members, the type of profession of the perpetrator of violence, the religious beliefs, and the relationship between the parties.
Thirdly, community reasons: such as the spread of violence and events in Arab and global media that indirectly affect smaller communities.
There are many reasons that drive a person to use violence, where the forms of violence may differ-political, social, or domestic-most of the time, and some types of violence may have unique reasons. However, the motives generally unite all forms of violence. While there may be differences between forms and types of violence, the difference lies not in the motives, but in the goals behind the use of violence.
The motives that drive a person towards domestic violence can be divided into two types (Banyard, 2011):

Personal motives
This type of motive arises from the individual's own self, which leads them towards domestic violence, and this type of motive can also be divided into two categories: a-Personal motives that have arisen in the individual due to external circumstances, such as neglect, mistreatment, and violence -which the person has experienced since childhood -as well as other circumstances that accompany the person and have resulted in the accumulation of various psychological impulses, culminating in a psychological complex that ultimately leads to domestic violence. Recent studies have shown that a child who is exposed to violence during childhood is more likely to resort to using violence than a child who has not experienced violence during their childhood.
Regarding the motives that humans carry since their formation, which arose as a result of behaviors that violate the law that parents may have committed and had an impact on the child's formation, the genetic factor can be included among these motives.
As for the economic motives, these motives are shared by other types of violence with domestic violence, but the difference between them, as previously mentioned, lies in the goals behind the violence due to an economic motive.
Within the family environment, the father does not intend to gain economic benefits from using violence against his family, but rather it is a discharge of disappointment and poverty, which has violent effects from the father towards the family. However, in nondomestic violence, the goal behind using violence is to gain material benefit.
As for social motives, this type of motive is represented in the customs and traditions that a community is accustomed to, and which require a certain degree of manliness from men -according to the requirements of these traditions -so that he does not resort to leading his family without violence and force, as they are the measure by which a person's degree of manliness can be known, otherwise he falls out of the count of men.
This type of motive is directly proportional to the culture that the society carries, especially the family culture. The higher the society's level of culture and awareness, the less the role of these motives, until they disappear in sophisticated societies. On the contrary, in societies with limited culture, the degree of the impact of these motives varies with the degree of the decline in the cultures of these societies.
It should be noted that some individuals in these societies may not believe in these customs and traditions, but they follow them due to social pressure.
Thirdly -The effects of domestic violence and its major victims: The harm caused by violence does not only affect the victims directly but extends far beyond that. Therefore, we can classify the different effects of domestic violence as follows:

The Effects of Violence on the Victim
There are many effects of domestic violence on the victim, including: a. Violence can cause psychological trauma that may develop and escalate into illness. b. It increases the likelihood that the person who suffered from violence will adopt the same behavior towards others.

The Effects of Violence on the Family
If the effects of violence were limited to the individual who suffered from it, the matter would be less serious. However, the impact extends to the family itself, whether it is the extended family that the person who commits violence may seek revenge against, or the family that they may form in the future.

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Society
As the family is the nucleus of society, any threat directed towards it -through domestic violence -ultimately leads to a threat to the entire community.
It should be noted that some people consider violence justified against their family, citing religious justifications. However, this is not true of Islam, as it rejects all forms of violence at all levels, especially within the family, an institution that Islam is very keen to protect from collapse. What Islam calls for is not violence but rather a therapeutic approach aimed at preserving the family's entity and protecting it from collapse.
Moreover, Islam did not leave the assessment of such behavior to the father, allowing him to impose punishment without any constraints or conditions. Rather, it put regulations and conditions that the father must adhere to; otherwise, he would be in violation of Islamic law (Barton and Asgary, 2019).
Here we learn about the reasons that lead to conflicts and violence, and we realize that their origin is psychological. We understand that childhood experiences have a significant impact, and that families play a critical role in the lives of individuals and society. Families have an influence in shaping the personalities of their members and directing them towards good or evil, health or illness, and normalcy or deviance. The causes of violence and disputes may come from the environment surrounding the couple, either from the wife's family with their interference and the husband's dissatisfaction with it, or from the husband's family with the wife's dissatisfaction with it. From here, conflicts and disputes arise, which may escalate to physical aggression. The husband may return home exhausted and burdened with his work worries, unable to find peace at home. Instead of finding a relaxing atmosphere to forget about his work problems, he finds his wife as another source of trouble. This may lead him to act involuntarily, which may escalate to violence. If the wife did not act wisely when she sensed her husband's exhaustion, she could be the direct cause of the argument and verbal abuse, which could lead to violence. Violence and tension between parents have a significant impact on the behavior of their children, as studies and research have shown. Disputes, quarrels, and violence between spouses affect the behavior of their children and their upbringing will not be optimal, creating a tense atmosphere in the home that has a significant impact on the children's lives and creates difficulties in adapting. If the quarrels or violence led to a complete or near-complete breakdown of the relationship between the parents, the home becomes hellish in the eyes of the children. If the parents continue to live together, but without any affection, communication, or closeness, the children will experience psychological divorce, which is more severe and has a greater impact on their psyche than actual divorce. To avoid such environments and situations, parents should be willing to compromise, understand each other, and avoid discussing their differences in front of their children. They should also stay away from the causes that may lead to quarrels and violence. Families that are built on the correct foundations of Islamic family formation will not experience violence, as the husband who is characterized by morals and religion will not harm his wife or children, and the wife who is chosen based on her religion will not raise her hand against her husband or speak hurtful words to him due to her modesty and religion.
When talking about violence, it is important to mention the categories that are affected by violence, or those known as victims of violence. These are naturally the weakest individuals within the family, and they often require special care. The following are the most prominent categories that are subjected to domestic violence (Beyer et al., 2016): Children: They are one of the most prominent categories that are subjected to violence because they are the most vulnerable, and they need the most care and attention.
Women: Due to the nature of women as the weaker gender and their continuous desire to sacrifice to preserve their family unit, they often accept giving up their rights and tolerate being victims of domestic violence, especially to protect their children. In the UAE, the most common type of violence that women face is emotional abuse from their spouses, according to cases reported to girls' care homes and studies conducted by psychological and social specialists. This emotional violence includes neglect and verbal insults.
People with disabilities: Their potential and abilities are often obstructed by discrimination, neglect, marginalization, and isolation from society because their families may be embarrassed by them. They suffer as a result of emotional violence inflicted upon them, and this category may suffer from two types of violence: domestic violence within their warm family environment and institutional violence from those who are supposed to care for them.
Elderly people: They are the oldest members of the family and require care and attention due to their physical and mental weakness. They deserve the most attention because they have fulfilled their duties towards their families, and they feel entitled to demand care and attention as a reward. However, they often suffer from neglect from society and their families, and they may also be subjected to marginalization. This category also falls under the burden of two types of violence: domestic violence and institutional violence from those responsible for the care of the elderly and others.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Domestic violence is physical and emotional violence that leaves permanent damage. Its means include hitting, confinement in a closed or dark room, making children work in tasks that do not match their mental and physical abilities, and causing harm.
Neglecting children's education and medical care, lack of supervision and attention, emotional neglect, and marrying minors are also forms of domestic violence.
The damages of violence committed by parents against children are many, the most important of which is the collapse of the sense of self-esteem for the victim of violence, academic failure, running away from home, suicide, and mental shock.
A widespread phenomenon: domestic violence is prevalent in all societies, whether Arab or foreign. There is an important difference, however, which is that Western society recognizes the existence of this problem, unlike Arab societies, which consider it a private matter and even a taboo to discuss with close people.
As for the reasons for violence, they stem from a deep impact, whether in the past or present. The root causes may be related to past problems or violence committed by family members, whether parents or others. Current impact roots come from current issues, such as the loss of a spouse or father's job, which may drive them to practice violence against their children. Therefore, a person who comes from a family where one of its members has committed violence against them is likely to do the same. Thus, it is essential to understand the relationship between the abusive mother and her own mother in her childhood. In most cases, the abusive mother herself has been exposed to violence. Therefore, she believes that what she is doing to her children is normal because it was done to her, and it is her right to do the same.
Another reason is the inability of the mother to adapt to a society that is strange to her. If the mother is not adapted, she cannot adapt to the new society, and her life becomes a mass of psychological and social pressures. Thus, she turns to violence because she cannot express her sadness and grief, and the crisis explodes in her children, and in most cases, the firstborn child becomes the victim.

How to Deal with Domestic Violence Victims
The primary task of a psychological specialist is to work on developing self-confidence in the child and keeping them away from the environment of violence and the person who committed the violence. One of the most important steps that must be taken is to convince the victim that they have no responsibility for the violence that was committed against them, as victims, especially since childhood, tend to feel responsible for the violence they experience.
The difference between Arab and Western societies in this aspect is that in the West, there are centers that victims of domestic violence can turn to for protection. However, in our country, such centers do not exist, and sometimes, some victims of violence resort to the police, but the police do not take complaints from children against their parents, and as a result, such cases are very rare, especially since our societies are intertwined and interrelated, and such problems cannot be easily addressed. This is not only limited to violence against children, but also wives do not dare to complain about violence of various kinds from their husbands.
On the other hand, if a boy or a girl who has experienced domestic violence goes to the police, they cannot be protected due to the lack of special places for this purpose. If a complaint is filed, evidence and witnesses must be available, and none of the siblings dares to testify against their mother or father. Thus, the victim of domestic violence returns defeated to their home, loses the respect and sympathy of others, and the severity of violence against them increases.
The problem lies in the lack of awareness of mothers about the developmental requirements of their children, which change constantly, and the importance of providing emotions before materials to their children. This situation drives girls to seek an alternative that provides them with the love and affection they need. This leads to the jealousy of the mother, and the crack in the relationship between parents and children begins. If the situation is not addressed quickly, the matter may reach the stage of deviation of the children, which means that they have fallen into the stage of despair.
The most effective way to prevent domestic violence is to raise awareness among families about the negative effects of violence on children and to educate them about alternative ways of dealing with conflicts. Additionally, parents need to learn how to raise their children with love, understanding, and respect, while giving them appropriate levels of freedom. Moreover, raising awareness in the community about the importance of reporting domestic violence and protecting the victims can also contribute to preventing and reducing such incidents (Bohn, et al., 2016).
The text is a list of recommendations to combat domestic violence in Saudi Arabia, which is a pervasive problem in the country. The recommendations cover several areas, including legal and law enforcement measures, religious and cultural values, family responsibilities, and the role of media. Regarding legal and law enforcement measures, the text suggests enacting stricter laws and harsher punishments for perpetrators of domestic violence. It also recommends establishing more shelters for victims of domestic violence and providing them with better protection and support. Regarding religious and cultural values, the text emphasizes the importance of adhering to Islamic teachings and applying them to family life. This includes choosing spouses, naming children, raising them, and respecting parents. It also stresses the need to clarify the purpose of the Islamic scriptures that mention physical punishment, so that they are not exploited in the name of Islam. Regarding family responsibilities, the text suggests several responsibilities, such as using conscious methods of dialogue among family members, treating children equally, meeting their psychological, social, behavioral, and material needs, sharing with them, reducing exposure to violence on TV, not relying on nannies to manage family affairs, minimizing polygamy, instilling values, principles, and ethics in children, monitoring and guiding their behavior, developing their hidden creative talents, nurturing their emotions of love for the country and society, maintaining good relations between parents and reducing the rate of divorce, and taking care of the trust of the housewife [Almudhafar, 2020[Almudhafar, , 2019[Almudhafar, , 2018a.
Regarding the role of media, the text suggests various measures, such as dedicating media channels to help families overcome domestic violence, using advertising breaks to broadcast awareness messages, spreading family culture about respecting the opposite sex, defining men's knowledge of women's rights, training families on how to deal with problems, raising awareness of the importance of considering the child's age stages through directed programs, revealing the causes of violence, and highlighting the issue of domestic violence through the media. Overall, the recommendations suggest a comprehensive approach to combat domestic violence in Saudi Arabia, covering legal, religious, cultural, family, and media aspects (Almudhafar, 2018b, Kadhim et al., 2023, Alattabi et al., 2023.
The role of the school is no longer limited to education, especially since we are in an era where people can process information for learning through various means of communication. Therefore, the school must have a prominent role in community awareness and directing behavior among individuals through the programs it prepares and the projects it adopts. According to the survey, the role of the school in preventing domestic violence is reflected in the following (Arcila et al., 2023, Roveda, et al., 2022: • Raising awareness of parents through presenting societal issues and finding effective solutions.
• Combating behaviors that are alien to society.
• Highlighting the importance of volunteer work.
• Contributing by providing donations.
• Contributing with ideas and opinions to reduce unemployment.
• Presenting regulated proposals to reduce the phenomenon of foreign labor.

Governmental Institutions
As for the governmental institutions, they have some responsibilities, each according to its specialization. The roles assigned to them can be summarized as follows: • Allocating websites to provide family consultations.
• Providing legal services.
• Enacting laws to protect the family and its members from domestic violence, and following up on their implementation.
• Reducing unemployment and its negative effects.
• Limiting the phenomenon of foreign labor, especially those not connected to our Arab and Islamic culture.
• Utilizing means of communication to raise awareness among families about domestic violence through short messages.
• Requiring those about to marry to undergo training courses on raising children, marital and family relationships.
• Preparing married couples and equipping them with decision-making and problemsolving skills.
• Holding training courses for parents on controlling physical, psychological, and verbal reactions.
• Establishing centers for those affected by domestic violence to care for their issues, protect them, and rehabilitate them.
• Clarifying laws and punishments for individuals who use violence against their children.
• The necessity of providing daycare centers in mothers' workplace under the supervision of relevant authorities.
• The necessity of having psychologists and social consultants to take care of family affairs.
• Contacting various family centers to exchange experiences and energies.

CONCLUSION
We find from the results of the opinion poll that protecting families from domestic violence is a national duty that requires the collaboration of all official and civil society institutions, as well as individuals. As for the methods used to reduce domestic violence, the sample believes that religious, social, intellectual, cultural, and legal awareness, in addition to enlightening individuals about their rights and responsibilities, are among the best ways to address this phenomenon. This awareness should take several forms, including training, workshops, rehabilitation, lectures, brochures, and newsletters, as well as organizing conferences and seminars, utilizing all available means such as media and communication devices, in addition to government and non-governmental social institutions. the research question posed was: How can domestic violence be effectively addressed and prevented?
Based on the findings and proposed solutions discussed throughout the study, it can be concluded that domestic violence can be effectively addressed and prevented through a multifaceted approach. By promoting religious awareness, monitoring, and analyzing domestic violence incidents, coordinating efforts among community institutions, providing care for victims, implementing community projects, reducing societal pressures, addressing socioeconomic factors, reforming legal procedures, and raising awareness among individuals, it is possible to make significant progress in combating domestic violence. Ultimately, through the implementation of these strategies and the collective efforts of society, it is feasible to create a safer and more nurturing environment for individuals and families, free from the scourge of domestic violence. In addition to addressing the research question and proposing solutions, the results obtained in this research have important implications for both society and academia. From a societal perspective, this research provides valuable insights into the nature and consequences of domestic violence. By shedding light on its prevalence and underlying factors, society can better understand the complex dynamics involved in domestic violence and its impact on individuals, families, and communities. The proposed solutions offer practical recommendations for addressing and preventing domestic violence, serving as a guide for policymakers, social institutions, and community organizations in developing effective strategies and interventions. Furthermore, this research contributes to academia by expanding the existing knowledge base on domestic violence. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the underlying causes and risk factors associated with domestic violence. Additionally, the study's methodology and research design can serve as a reference for future research endeavors in the field. The results obtained can also stimulate further investigation into related areas, such as the long-term effects of domestic violence, the role of cultural and societal norms, and the effectiveness of specific interventions. By bridging the gap between research and practice, this study offers a comprehensive framework for addressing domestic violence that can contribute to positive social change. It is our hope that the findings and recommendations presented here will inspire continued efforts to combat domestic violence and promote healthy and safe relationships within our society. While this research provides valuable insights into domestic violence, it is important to acknowledge its limitations, which can guide future studies in this area.
One limitation of this research is the reliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases and underreporting due to the sensitive nature of the topic. Future studies could incorporate multiple sources of data, such as observational methods or interviews, to enhance the validity and reliability of the findings.
Another limitation is the focus on a specific geographical area or population, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Conducting similar studies in different cultural contexts or with diverse populations would help to understand the variations in domestic violence patterns and the effectiveness of interventions across different settings. Furthermore, this research primarily focuses on identifying the factors and consequences of domestic violence, rather than exploring in-depth the experiences and perspectives of the victims and perpetrators. Future research could employ qualitative methods to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences and underlying motivations of individuals involved in domestic violence. To build upon the findings of this study, future research should also examine the long-term outcomes and impacts of various interventions aimed at preventing and addressing domestic violence. Evaluating the effectiveness of specific strategies and programs will provide valuable insights into the most efficient and impactful approaches. In conclusion, while this research contributes to the understanding of domestic violence, it is crucial to address the limitations and consider recommendations for future work. By addressing these limitations and conducting further research, we can continue to advance our knowledge and improve interventions to combat domestic violence effectively.

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Raise religious awareness through media outlets, school curriculums, and counseling centers in the community. Monitor cases of domestic violence through specialized institutions, analyze and deal with them scientifically according to educational and social theories. Coordinate between community institutions to address the phenomenon of domestic violence and tackle its root causes. Support victims of domestic violence through official and private social care institutions, to prevent them from playing negative roles in the future. Launch community projects that provide social, material, and moral services for families with special needs, which can be a source of domestic violence. Work on reducing the pressures on individuals and families that create many conflicts within families. Work on eliminating unemployment and poverty and providing family healthcare for members of the community. The need to change the method of registration and handling in courts and public prosecutors with the problem of domestic violence. Raise awareness among members of society and provide them with sufficient and accurate information about the prevalence of domestic violence, its motives, and effective ways to deal with perpetrators. Raise awareness among people about how to control their violent impulses and how to avoid engaging in violent behavior.