ALTERATION OF PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND PRODUCTION IN FERTIGATED SOIL WITH SWINE EFFLUENT

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of different swine wastewater (ARS) in electrical (CEes) and hydraulic (K0) conductivity in soil grown with tomato, as well as in tomato yeld. Method/design/approach: The literature review showed that studies have been based on the application of residues replacing evapotranspirometric demand, causing deleterious effects to soil and plants. Results and conclusion: the mineral fertilization was more effective in the ionization of the soil solution than the ARS, presenting higher values of Cees in relation to the treatments that receive smaller ARS slides and the K0 increased due to the contribution of salts and organic matter, resulting from mineral fertilization, irrigation and fertigation with ARS, which caused soil restructuring Research implications: main managerial, academic, and/or social contributions of the research. Originality/value: This study applies ARS slides based on nitrogen doses, as it is element in higher relative concentration, seeking to determine contents that may indicate higher ARS consumption and higher production..


INTRODUCTION
With the growth of the population and the consequent increase in the demand for meat, it has made the majority of producers adopt the system of confinement, resulting in an increase in the volume of waste produced per unit area, which, in the majority of cases, have gone on to represent a source of negative impacts on the environment and a fatora of risk for animal and human health.
Faced with increasingly rigorous monitoring by public bodies responsible for the quality of the environment and, aware of the environmental degradation caused by the release of wastewater into the watercourses, producers have been looking for specific solutions in order to treat, dispose of or reuse the waste.
One of the alternatives that has been aimed at solving the problem is the reuse of these waters in agricultural areas, which can favor both the environment and the producer (Matos & Matos, 2017). Because of ARS's fertilizing potential for soil and crops, it is considered as an efficient disposal alternative (Bastos, 2016;Debortolli, Rhoden, Eckert, Feldmann & Muhl, 2018;Bastos, 2018).
The reuse of wastewater in the soil as a form of final disposal can reduce the costs of fertilizing the crops, as well as of their treatment, by the fact that the crops behave as natural biofilters, requiring a lower level of treatment. Furthermore, the use of wastewater in the fertilization of agricultural crops can make possible an increase in productivity and quality of 3 the harvested products, a reduction in environmental pollution and production costs, as well as an improvement in the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil (Barbosa, Santos & Medeiros, 2014).
However, misuse can have detrimental effects on both soil and crop. The application rate of wastewater should be based on the nutrient that is in the highest relative concentration and on the amount of this nutrient required by the crop, because, if these levels are exceeded, in addition to compromising the productivity of the crop, they can cause pollution of soil and surface and groundwater (Matos, 2014).
Although advantages are found in the use of pig waste as a soil fertilizer and work is being done to ascertain the effects of the arrangement on the soil, most are not based on agronomic criteria for calculating the blade to be applied. Considering that the plant has a fundamental participation in the technical feasibility and sustainability of the treatment system, evaluating the influence of reuse of pig waste water (ARS) with different doses of nitrogen for the cultivation of tomatoes, with and without complementary mineral fertilization, verifying the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of the soil, is important for it to be a technical recommendation for the use of ARS.
Thus, considering that the plant has a fundamental participation in the technical feasibility and sustainability of the treatment system, the effects of pig effluent fertirrigation on the physical characteristics of a red-yellow dystrophic tomato-grown Latosol (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) has relevance and positive impact for the disposal of the waste water.

THEORETICAL FRAME
Pig farming is considered by the supervisory and environmental protection bodies as an activity with high potential polluter, due to the large number of contaminants contained in its effluents (Roque & Santos, 2022), whose individual or combined action represents a potential source of air contamination and degradation of water resources and soil (Oliveira, 2001).
The comparative pollution capacity of pig waste is much higher than that of other animal species. The biochemical oxygen demand of pig waste during pregnancy and lactation, with an average live weight of 196 kg, ranges from 170 to 380 g per day -1 , and the human oxygen demand ranges from 45 to 75 g per day (Perdomo & Lima, 1998 ;Authority for Food Safety and Economic Security , 2005). According to Gonçalves (2002), the herd of pigs, in Brazil, generates from 32 to 51 million kg year -1 of waste. Using the concept of population equivalent, one pig, on average, is equivalent to 3.5 persons (Diesel, Miranda & Perdomo, 2002).
In pig waste, the concentration of nutrients is high due to the low feeding efficiency of this animal species. Studies presented by the National Research Council (1998) indicated that 45 to 60% of nitrogen, 50 to 80% of calcium and phosphorus, and 70 to 95% of potassium, sodium, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron present in food are excreted.
Until the 1970s, pig waste was no major problem for farmers, as the concentration of animals on the property was small and the soil was able to absorb them (Perdomo, Lima & Nones, 2001;Assis, 2006). However, with the intensification of production, to meet the population's demand for pork, most producers started to adopt the confinement regime and, as a consequence, the volume of waste produced per unit area increased, which, for the most part, started to be thrown in a course of water, without prior treatment, transforming itself into a polluting source of the sources and risk factor for animal and human health (Matos & Matos, 2017).
In Brazil, the direct release of effluents into receiving bodies of water must comply with the standards established by federal legislation (Resolution n. 357, 2005), which establishes norms and standards for the quality of the waters, releases of effluents into the water collections and provides other measures.  The main changes described for soil fertilized with wastewater are limited to the effects on total carbon and nitrogen, microbial and N-mineral activity, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, salinity, sodicity and dispersion of clays (Fonseca, Herpim, Paula, Victoria & Melfi, 2007). In short, the disposition of wastewater in the soil-plant system, when done without agronomic and environmental criteria, can cause problems of water infiltration in the soil, of contamination of the soil, of surface and underground waters and of toxicity to plants (Erthal, Ferreira & Matos, 2010).
Aware of the environmental degradation caused by the release of wastewater in the water collections and in the light of the supervisory action carried out by public bodies responsible for the quality of the environment, the pig farmers are looking for specific solutions in the sense of treating, disposing of or making use of the waste.
One of the alternatives that has been pointed out to reduce environmental degradation due to the inadequate disposition of these wastewater is the use of these effluents, rich in nutrients, in the fertilization of agricultural crops, which can provide increased productivity and quality of the harvested products, reduction of environmental pollution and production costs, besides promoting improvement in the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil (Matos & Matos, 2017).
In addition, it has been used in the recovery of degraded areas, providing improvements in the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the soil, reflecting in the increase of micronutrient absorption and increase of macronutrients, thus generating greater agricultural production (Roque & Santos, 2022).
Studies carried out in various countries have shown that agricultural productivity increases significantly in areas fertilized with residual waters, provided that these crops are properly managed (Chateaubriand, 1988;Shende, 1985;Mota, 2000;Freitas, Oliveira, Pinto, Cecon & Galvão, 2004), however, little is known about the effect on the soil.
However, misuse can have detrimental effects on both soil and crop. The application rate of wastewater should be based on the nutrient that is in the highest relative concentration, which in the case of pig farming is nitrogen, and on the amount of this nutrient required by the crop, because, if these levels are exceeded, in addition to compromising the productivity of the crop, they can cause pollution of the soil and of surface and groundwater (Barros, 2005;Medeiros, 2006;Matos, 2014).
Thus, care regarding possible effects on soil should be followed, performing soil profile monitoring to verify beneficial effects on the environment (silva, 2018), conditioning the soil for later crops.

METHOD
The work was carried out in a vegetation house with 21 lysimeters of drainage, which were filled with a previously distorted dystrophic Red-Yellow Latossoil, passed in a sieve of 0.004 m, corrected for acidity and homogenized, until formation of a profile of 0.60 m. In these lysimeters ( Figure 1) tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were transplanted, from the Fanny TY hybrid cultivar, after presenting four definitive leaves, in pits of 0.15 m depth, in spacing of 1.00 x 0.50 m, totaling four plants per lysimeter.  Table 1 shows the soil characteristics used in the lysimeter fills. 0.00 CO (dag kg -1 ) b 0.52 NT (mg kg -1 ) f 817.00 MO (dag kg -1 ) b 0.90 Being. pH -hydrogenionic potential, in water 1:2,5; P -available phosphorus; K -exchangeable potassium; Naexchangeable sodium; P-rem -remaining phosphorus; Ca2+ -exchangeable calcium; Mg2+ exchangeable magnesium; Al3+ -exchangeable acidity; H+Al -potential acidity; SB -sum of bases; t -effective cation exchange capacity; T -cation exchange capacity at pH 7,0; V -saturation index by bases; m -action per aluminum; ISNasodium saturation index; MO -organic matter, Source. The authors Alteration of Physical Attributes and Production in Fertigated Soil With Swine Effluent The tomato plants were conducted with a single stem, without apical pruning, without the removal of the first racism, maintaining only six rakes per plant, being vertically tutored with fitillho, starting the sawdust 10 days after transplanting (DAT), as recommended by Guimarães (2004).
The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was determined using data collected at the automatic station of the Davis brand, installed inside the vegetation house, according to the methodology proposed by Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977).
The experimental design used was in random blocks, in the subdivided plot scheme, with seven treatments and three repetitions. The treatments were made up of controls (T1irrigation with clean water and mineral fertilizer recommended for the tomato plant) and fertirrigation with pig waste water (ARS) providing 100, 150 and 200% of the recommended nitrogen dose for the tomato plant, without supplementation of fertilization (T2, T3 and T4), and with complementation of fertilization (T5, T6 and T7).
Fertirrigation was carried out with ARS, which was conducted to a sedimentator with an average hydraulic holding time of 339 h, whose effluent was subjected to a filtration sequence, passing through two screens of 10 mesh stainless steel and one of 25 mesh. For the calculation of the ARS slides, nitrogen was taken as the reference nutrient, whose slides, necessary for the application of the different percentages of nitrogen, were calculated by means of the equation recommended by the EPA (1981).
Of which: Lw -lamina of annual application, cm year-1; Cp -nitrogen concentration in percolation water, mg L-1; PR -local precipitation, cm year-1; ET -evapotranspiration of culture on site, cm year-1; U -nitrogen uptake by culture, kg ha-12 year-1; Cn -nitrogen concentration in wastewater, mg L-1; and f -fraction of nitrogen which is removed by denitrification and volatilization, dimensionless.
By this method of determining the rate to be applied, nitrogen is used as a limiting nutrient so that groundwater is not contaminated with nitrate above acceptable levels (10 mg L -1 ) (Resolution 357, 2005). It was also used denitrification and volatilization of nitrogen corresponding to 20%, as recommended by Matos e Matos (2017).
Mean values of the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of ARS resulting from bi-weekly evaluations during the experimental period are presented in Table 2.

Source: authors
Fertirrigation was carried out by means of dripping, replacing 100, 150 and 200% of the daily evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc) for treatments that received, respectively, 100, 150 and 200% of the nitrogen by means of ARS slides. Complementary mineral fertilization was calculated by subtracting from the phosphorus and potassium values recommended by Ribeiro, Guimarães and Alvarez (1999), the injected amount of these nutrients from the different ARS slides applied.
Fertirrigation was started after transplanting the seedlings by daily applications of ARS slides, which were finished at 68 days after transplantation (DAT), when they totaled 114.29; 171.43 and 228.58 mm, corresponding to 100%, 150% and 200% of the nitrogen required by the crop, being, after this period, applied only clean water, replenishing the tomato evapotranspirometric demand, which totaled 97.3 3 mm.
At the time of transplanting (0 DAT), half (60 DAT) and final (120 DAT) of the tomato cycle were performed electrical conductivity analyzes of the saturated soil paste, while the hydraulic conductivity was determined at the time of transplanting (0 DAT) and at the end of the tomato cycle (120 DAT).
The analysis of the electrical conductivity of the saturated paste stratum (CEes) was carried out on soil samples, collected at a distance of 0.10 m from the stem of a plant, in each lysimeter, in the 0-0.20 m layer, using a conductivity meter.
The hydraulic conductivity in saturated medium (K0) was determined with the same irrigation water and ARS used in the conduct of the experiment, by the method of vertical column perimeter and constant load, as described by Ferreira (1987). In the initial determination, soil samples were taken with the aid of a Dutch-type tread, while in the final determination, lysimeters were used as perimeter themselves.
For the purpose of determining tomato production, every week, all the fruit with intense red coloring were collected and weighed, except for fruit with defects and with a crosssectional diameter of less than 0.05 m, thus determining commercial production.
The harvests were started at 54 DATs and carried out weekly, with the fruit being harvested at the stage completely mature, when they showed 100% of the surface with intense red coloring. After harvesting, the fruits were weighed and classified, according to Ordinance 553 (1995), obtaining commercial production.
Total production refers to the sum of the mass of fruit harvested in all harvests, regardless of the presence of defects or size. In commercial production, fruit with defects and fruit with a cross-sectional diameter of less than 0,05 m were disregarded. To assess the size of the fruit, the diameter of all the fruit harvested and the diameter of each fruit were measured, which corresponded to the average of two readings perpendicular to each other, carried out in the central region of the fruit where the largest diameter occurs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
According to the classification proposed by Ayers and Westcot (1991), the water used in irrigations, due to the low electrical conductivity and the sodium adsorption ratio, presents a severe risk of sodicity and no risk of soil salinization, while ARS presents a severe risk of salinization. However, as regards the potential to cause problems in reducing the infiltration capacity of the soil, these guidelines should not be used for ARS as they do not include solid organic elements contained in the waste water. Table 4 presents the results of the evaluations of the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of the soil, at different periods, in the 0-0.20 m layer, for the different treatments.  Table 4 shows that the ECes increased with increments in the ARS slides applied and, when mineral fertilization was added, the opposite behavior occurred, with higher CEes, the treatments that received the smaller ARS slides, but with higher amounts of complementary mineral fertilization. As observed in Treatment 1 (witness), mineral fertilization in general was more effective in increasing soil ECs than ARS. This fact may be associated with the presence of ions participating in organic or complexed/chelated chains which, in this way, are not detected by the conductivity meter electrode.
The application of ARS slides in the corresponding period of transplantation at 68 DATs and their suppression after this period, when only irrigation water was applied, as well as the end of mineral fertilization at 90 DATs, carried out in Treatment 1 (witness), were responsible for the reduction of salinity observed in the evaluation performed at 120 DATs.
The initial condition of the unstructured soil, due to the defrosting and sieving of 0.004 m, may have contributed to lower hydraulic conductivity measured at the beginning of the experimental period, due to the obstruction of macroporosity by fine particles, whose largest aggregates were 0.004m. When ions and organic matter are brought in by means of irrigations, fertilization with ARS and decomposition of the tomato plant's aerial parts, as well as the development of microorganisms and of the root system, they favor the restructuring of the soil, resulting in an increase in hydraulic conductivity in all the treatments whose values, according to Ferreira (2003), have gone from moderately fast to rapid.
The presence of suspended solids can also be an agent for reduction in the value of hydraulic conductivity, however, this effect depends on its concentration in water, the rate of application, the type of soil and the climatic conditions (Fonseca, 2001). Thus, by virtue of the filtration and handling system adopted, the solids did not cause problems in hydraulic conductivity, as observed in Table 4. Campelo (1999) and Oliveira, Campelo, Matos, Martinez & Cecon (2000), evaluating the influence of the application of ARS on the infiltration rates in a Podzolic Red-Yellow soil, found that the hydraulic conductivity was more influenced by the total solids present in the ARS than by the RAS and CE. For these authors, the increase in the concentration of total solids in ARS brought about a reduction in the capacity of infiltration of the soil, intensified with successive applications. According to Matos (2014), the application of raw wastewater, with high concentrations of suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids, will bring about a reduction in hydraulic conductivity only when applied at intervals that are insufficient for the physical destruction (drying and cracking of the material), chemical destruction (chemical alteration of the compounds) or microbiological destruction (microbial degradation of the organic material) of the material responsible for the obstruction of the pores to occur. Table 5 shows the variables related to productivity and classification of the fruit of the tomato plants submitted to the different treatments evaluated. PT -total production, t ha -1 ; PSD -healthy fruit production, t ha-1; PCO -commercial production, t ha44-1; DTL -ratio between cross and longitudinal diameter, dimensionless; PS -percentage of healthy fruit; %; PC -percentage of commercial fruit; %; PGI -percentage of giant fruit, %; PG -percentage of large fruit, %; PM -percentage of medium fruit, %; PP -percentage of small fruit, %.
Source: authors Table 5 shows that, with the exception of Treatments 2 and 5, due to the symptoms of virosis, the application of ARS provided higher fruit yields in relation to the Witness Treatment, with the plants submitted to Treatments 4, 6 and 7 being the most productive. Increases in productivity can also be observed with an increase in the ARS blade, except when fertilization is complemented. According to Lopes (1998), one of the problems in fertilizing crops is the unbalanced use of nitrogen and potassium, and by increasing the doses of nitrogen without being balanced with potassium and other nutrients, the production can be reduced.
The greatest reductions in commercial production in relation to the total fruit production were observed in the plants submitted to Treatments 1, 2 and 5, with reductions of 17.05; 10.29; and 24.25%, respectively. The causes of the declassification of the fruit of the commercial category were associated with stylar rot and open locules (4.45; 2.62 and 11.56%), and non-commercial diameter (12.69, 7.67 and 12.60%), obtained, respectively, in the plants submitted to Treatments 1.2 and 5.
It is observed that, in the plants submitted to Treatments 1, 2 and 5, the highest percentage of fruit occurred in the small class (greater transverse diameter between 50 and 65 mm), while in the plants submitted to the other treatments, the highest percentage was classified as medium (greater transverse diameter between80 mm and between 85 mm), with no significant variations in the number of giant fruit (greater transverse diameter than 100 mm). Gualberto et al. (2007), studying the performance of different cultivars obtained, for the Fanny cultivar, the ratio of transverse/longitudinal diameter of 1.36, this value close to those found in this work.
Blanco (2004) observed a reduction in the size of the tomato fruit with an increase in salinity, as a result of the intake of nitrogen, mainly when the tomato plant was exposed for longer periods of time to the salinity of the medium. Probably, due to the leaching of salts provided by the application of irrigation water after the completion of the application of ARS, it contributed to the non-occurrence of this effect.
It is observed that the application of ARS providing quantity equal to or greater than 150% of the nitrogen recommendation for the crop provided increase in tomato production, compared to that obtained in the plants submitted to the witness treatment. Studies have shown increased productivity of the tomato plant with the increase in the dose of nitrogen applied (Adams, Graves, & Winsor, 1978;Winsor & Adams, 1987;Ferreira, 2003), although the absence of response to this nutrient has also been verified (Bojórquez, Castillo, & González, 2001).
Considering the reduction of production costs and environmental aspects, Treatment 4, as it receives only ARS in the largest blade studied and presents the highest percentage of fruits in the middle class, stands out as the best alternative for handling the crop. However, the application of ARS at a dose of 150% of the nitrogen needs seems to be sufficient to obtain good productivity. Thus, taking the set of variables of quality and productivity, it can be considered that the application of 150% of the nitrogen needs of the crop with application of ARS becomes a more suitable technical and environmental recommendation.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
For the conditions of the experiment and according to the results, it was concluded that mineral fertilizer was more effective in ionizing the soil solution than pig waste water (ARS), presenting higher values of electrical conductivity in relation to the treatments that received smaller ARS slides and larger quantities of mineral fertilizer; the hydraulic conductivity of the soil increased due to the intake of salts and organic matter, arising from mineral fertilization, irrigation and fertilization with ARS, which caused the restructuring of the soil.
Treatments 4 (IRRIGATION with ARS providing 200% of the recommended nitrogen dose for the tomato), Treatment 6 (IRRIGATION with ARS providing 150% of the recommended nitrogen dose for the tomato plant and complementary fertilization) and Treatment 7 (IRRIGATION with ARS providing 200% of the recommended nitrogen dose for the tomato plant and complementary fertilization) provided the highest productivity and, taking into account environmental aspects and production cost, Treatment 4 stands out as the best alternative for crop management. However, taking the set of quality and productivity variables, it can be considered that the application of 150% of the nitrogen needs of the crop with application of ARS becomes a more suitable technical and environmental recommendation.

THANKS
We thank the IFGoiano for supporting the research and publication of the article.